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CHAPTERI. THE FRONTIERCONTENTS1. TYPES OF FRONTIER2. FOREST AND STEPPE(i) The Zone of Mixed Forests . . . .(ii) The Zone of Conifer Forests(iii) The SteppesTYPES O F COLONIZATION . . . . .II. THE STATE1. THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION: PARTY AND SOVIET2. THE 1905 REVOLUTION AND THE DOWNFALL OFTSARISM . . . . . . . .3 . REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS . . . .4. THE ROMANOV DYNASTY5. BYZANTINE AND TATAR ORIGINS OF TSARISM .6. THE GROWTH AND FUNCTIONING OF TSARISMIII. THE LANDIV. THE1. THE SOVIET REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE . .2. THE 1905 REVOLUTION AND THE EMANCIPATION OFTHE SERFS . . . . . . .3. SERFS AND SERF-OWNERS . .4. ORIGINS OF SERFDOM AND THE COMMUNE5. PEASANT REVOLTSCHURCH1. THE REVOLUTION AND RELIGION . . . .2. BYZANTINE CHRISTIANITY AND RUSSIA .3. MONGOLS AND MONKS4. THE MUSCOVITE CHURCH5. THE SCHISM AND ITS CONSEQUENCESV. THE SLAVS1. RUSSIA AND POLAND2. PARTITION AND AFTER3. THE UKRAINIAN QUESTION4. PANSLAVISM5PAGE91921263347576775818792123130140148161171174181185189197208222235
CHAPTERVI. THE SEA1. THE BALTIC2. THE BLACK SEA AND THE STRAITS3. THE BLACK SEA AND THE CASPIAN4. THE PACIFICVII. THE WEST1. RUSSIA AND EUROPE2. EUROPE AND RUSSIA3. ECONOMIC WESTERNIZATION4. THE SOVIET REVOLUTION IN INDUSTRY .5. RUSSIA AND THE POWERSPAGE249272290297314326351371389CHRONOLOGICALNOTE ON BOOKSINDEXTABLE445451457
Page 2: UNIVERSALLIBRARYOU_214617UNIVERSALL
Page 8 and 9: SURVEYOFRUSSIAN HISTORYbyB. H. SUMN
Page 12: MAPS1. THE U.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTIO
Page 15 and 16: Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and
Page 18: MAP IU.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTION)West
Page 21 and 22: half-Russian), the Transcaucasian r
Page 23 and 24: honey, and wax provided essentials
Page 25 and 26: called podzol soils, grey sands and
Page 27 and 28: (I)ST JOHN THE BAPTIST, YAROSLAVL,
Page 30 and 31: movement of game and fur-bearing an
Page 32 and 33: By the sixteenth century the scatte
Page 34 and 35: other natural conditions made agric
Page 36 and 37: population were relatively free pea
Page 38 and 39: similar, and for centuries they had
Page 40: merchant-adventurers and sea-captai
Page 43 and 44: Byzantium or eastward into the step
Page 45 and 46: and external struggles, especially
Page 47 and 48: and opened the vista of the Volga a
Page 49 and 50: social conditions in Poland fomente
Page 51 and 52: followed slowly by the plough, into
Page 53 and 54: frontier region was less all-pervad
Page 55 and 56: For long a certain degree of mobili
Page 57 and 58: gone down river far away south into
Page 59 and 60: elected but appointed by the war mi
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Cossacks, 'men of service' settled
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sites. Some settled in the old Sibe
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(I)PETER THE GREAT, 1672-1725From t
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contrary it is necessary that there
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(according to the old Russian calen
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even a member of it after 1923. He
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headed first by the moderate libera
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words, "the regime of the dictators
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"the Supreme, Autocratic power belo
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was spoken of as a dress rehearsal.
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The bureaucracy meant the governmen
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the army in decomposition, there wa
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odies, the provincial and municipal
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functions and together with the pol
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Muscovy as the patrimony of the tsa
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his eldest son or, failing sons, to
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and then killed, as being the rally
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officers, but they were educated th
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The Byzantine inheritance is more d
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the necessity for unfettered autocr
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manorial administration of the prin
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the first concern of tsarism and in
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Ivan was a man who did not take ris
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extinguished, largely because after
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een broken down during the two prev
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Similarly, the council of magnates
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portion of his own handiwork in fra
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On the other hand, they could not u
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eigned 1801-25) was part of his gen
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particularly their generals-adjutan
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pleading of which might excite publ
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1793, 1795; Finland, 1721, 1743, 18
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producer and trader in his realm. T
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instituted (1804) a regularly organ
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of agriculture, took on a new form
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inevitably a full-scale revolution
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at a tempo unknown in the modern hi
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election is usually in effect contr
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'and sown grasses, even though cere
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the two had reached most dangerous
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[revolutionary propaganda]," a peas
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institutions were also encouraged,
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though it had been considerably imp
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(iv) Emancipation of the peasants,
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three times deferred or in part can
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in the eighties. It is no wonder th
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The edict of 1762 did not in fact r
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itterly resented. Marriage required
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peoples remained with their own cus
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These last two classes were not fre
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not offer such advantages in the wa
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Direct taxation of various kinds, b
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members of the commune regulated in
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organization continued for long to
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The commune or subdivisions of it,
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the peasantry and of the social his
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in composition, and one of Razin's
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from St Petersburg to impose a sett
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If need be the reigning monarch was
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leaving a chain of fires, but witho
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ST DMITRI, VLADIMIR, 1193-97(a)DYAK
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some support from across the fronti
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traditions and the past, may contri
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and their retainers, but there was
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Becket until Nikon, the Patriarch o
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the peasantry, some of which derive
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the west the Lithuanians—the last
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close and far-reaching as the monas
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" I , John, am tsar and priest, up
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the fact that about fourteen per ce
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though in fact they were a return t
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accentuated their disunion and dimi
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he abolished the patriarchate and r
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patriarchate. Disendowment and dise
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during the partition period (1772-1
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the German Blitzkrieg were promptly
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half Russian or Lithuanian. In this
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The state language (to some extent
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Sigismund III of Poland, on the cre
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in the War of the Polish Succession
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earlier in secret conclave with her
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purveyor of cosmopolitan enlightenm
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under his control the grand-duchy o
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continuously against all his Russia
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and could not be understood by Euro
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The peasantry took little part in t
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3. The Ukrainian QuestionThe major
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It is quite true that Russian histo
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pp. 49-50 and note); but they were
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The main reason why the struggle fo
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for the most part their distinctive
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though divided in their attitude to
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For some ten years Ukrainian Commun
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of all Slav and freedom-loving nati
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Empire (see pp. 178-179), but conne
Page 251 and 252:
These generally conservative direct
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Prior to the Crimean War the Slavop
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and the last a great deal, to pansl
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and her liberation from Turkey. A g
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than Buda-Pest or Vienna. Anti-Germ
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Finns, for about seven centuries wi
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Lenin, ceased to be the capital sin
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y the Red Army, but Estonia, Latvia
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towards the Allies were engendered,
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conquest of Finland by the Swedes;
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Half a century after Ivan the Great
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all Swedes—as has already been ex
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had he succeeded in rallying the ma
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the learning and culture of enlight
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Sweden, and Finland, outside direct
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Swedish navy had reasserted itself
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evolution and Finland, to which the
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was a triumph of French diplomacy,
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Straits become a perpetual plague-s
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diplomatic pressure by Russia. Even
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in St Petersburg of a complete brea
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herself and Turkey alone. Now she a
Page 295 and 296:
the congress the Russian and Britis
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an eventual annexation by her of Bo
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uncoiled, the new regime in Russia
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least definitely hostile. For this
Page 303 and 304:
Armenia and Azerbaidzhan (see map i
Page 305 and 306:
Russians and even imposed a conside
Page 307 and 308:
A new Georgian literature and cultu
Page 309 and 310:
Moscow. A month earlier Georgia had
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War, and the triumph, in company wi
Page 313 and 314:
eing in direct relations with the U
Page 315 and 316:
In that year Far Eastern affairs we
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great, but she still remained in po
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new Soviet state was so exhausted a
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there had previously taken place a
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notable withdrawal, but the governm
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CHAPTER VIITHE WEST1. Russia and Eu
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(I)THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY URALSBogo
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the specifically Russian achievemen
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the West. Such centres were, howeve
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ationalist and scientific thought,
Page 335 and 336:
ight had I," cries Kropotkin in his
Page 337 and 338:
or apathy by the peasants, and the
Page 339 and 340:
had been different again. There had
Page 341 and 342:
messenger sent on a sudden by God t
Page 343 and 344:
mainly because Catholics were synon
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In ' the western lands ' printing,
Page 347 and 348:
(b. 1643, banished to the Arctic 16
Page 349 and 350:
went off as a member of 'the great
Page 351 and 352:
science. He succeeded posthumously
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variable and the use of Russian as
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or (as for instance Osterman in the
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the middle of the eighteenth centur
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to the Academy of Sciences, and he
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from England and Germany. Russian m
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down to the serf's hut. From small
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operating in Russia: a 'free labour
Page 367 and 368:
and by a few large-scale British-Ru
Page 369 and 370:
addition to extremely low purchasin
Page 371 and 372:
cent, was held by foreigners, as co
Page 373 and 374:
of Bastiat and Cobden. There follow
Page 375 and 376:
of Western Art one of the finest co
Page 377 and 378:
imperialism in the Middle and Far E
Page 379 and 380:
section of the town-dwellers, espec
Page 381 and 382:
extent the commune. This helps to a
Page 383 and 384:
pay had been made to it, and it was
Page 385 and 386:
stood for Western democracy of a li
Page 387 and 388:
than any since that of 1891, capped
Page 389 and 390:
(4) There were just enough speciali
Page 391 and 392:
CoalIron ore . . . .Pig-iron . . .
Page 393 and 394:
including agriculture, all transpor
Page 395 and 396:
commitments have been incurred than
Page 397 and 398:
explicitly emphazised as a most imp
Page 399 and 400:
Total populationUrban .Rural .19391
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policy pursued in the ten years bef
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often as not she was one of the dec
Page 405 and 406:
Russia, as the Crimean War gave amp
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country by looting. The Russian arm
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illustrated by the Bavarian success
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the Napoleonic period hgr eastern i
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humbling of their pride and by the
Page 415 and 416:
Niemen. Twelve weeks later Napoleon
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to the invader. He was torn to the
Page 419 and 420:
of European peace might be formed,
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and the French, followed by war wit
Page 423 and 424:
could to rebuild the rampart, to re
Page 425 and 426:
of the Holy Alliance. There were, i
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Europe. Left to himself he would sw
Page 429 and 430:
with the contrast in their own case
Page 431 and 432:
agreed that Russia could not fight,
Page 433 and 434:
Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, the capital
Page 435 and 436:
The isolation of Russia after the c
Page 437 and 438:
only if Germany were not the attack
Page 439 and 440:
e disturbed as to the solidity of t
Page 441 and 442:
championship of the Polish cause we
Page 443 and 444:
and giving it a pro-French orientat
Page 445 and 446:
evivified and extended the alliance
Page 447 and 448:
powers" was not directly affected b
Page 449 and 450:
which was one main reason for the p
Page 451 and 452:
against her, had become impracticab
Page 453 and 454:
against Western imperialism. The el
Page 455 and 456:
fear drove both to combine, loosely
Page 458 and 459:
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLEDates, as elsewh
Page 460 and 461:
1768-721767-8176417621756-631755175
Page 462 and 463:
1425-62141014081406-814041399139713
Page 464 and 465:
NOTE ON BOOKSTHE following list of
Page 466 and 467:
Times to the Death of Dostoevsky (1
Page 468 and 469:
Sir Bernard Pares, The Fall of the
Page 470 and 471:
INDEXFor Russian foreign relations
Page 472 and 473:
Factory workers: see Industrial dev
Page 474 and 475:
Monasteries: 27, 48, 177-8, 182-4,1
Page 476 and 477:
Skdbelev: 429.Slaves and slavery: 2
show all

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