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of Western Art one of the finest collections of such paintingin the world. Urban communities grew apace, in whichan industrial proletariat was being welded, including asmall core of skilled workers largely divorced from theold ties with the villages. By 1917 town and countrywere to a large extent different worlds, and the pace wasbeing set by the town (cf. p. 123).The tempo and volume of this industrial revolutionmay be illustrated by the following approximate figuresof production (in millions of tons):Coal . . . .Pig-iron.Steel . . . .Oil . . .Raw cotton (consumption)1860 1900 1913Since the early nineties in most branches of heavyindustry and in coal output the rate of increase wasconsiderably higher than that in the countries of westernEurope or the United States. On the other hand, actualoutput in industrial goods was still far smaller. Thus,for instance (1913):Pig-iron Steel CoalAgain, comparisons in terms of consumption per head, ofproductivity per unit or per man were overwhelmingly tothe disadvantage of Russia. In 1914 she was still a'backward' country relatively to the West, though shewas 'advanced' in comparison with the Russia of 1861.In one particular respect she was very 'advanced';namely, in the degree to which her industry was concentratedin large concerns, and, at any rate by 1914, forthe most part with very up-to-date machinery. By then362280016027 (1870)0516272.510.4.24In million tonsRussia . . . . . 4.8 5.2U.S.A30.9 31.3United Kingdom .10.3 77Germany . . . . 19 3 18.3France . . . . 5.2 47* If brown coal is included, 277.364.85.29.0.4036509287190*40.8