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and the Origin of the Russian State (1877; still the best treatment of theproblem available in English; see also in Niederle, vol. 1, above).For the period 1240-1480:A. Eck, Le moyen age russe (Paris, 1933; detailed study of 'feudalism'and serfdom).For the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries:M. Dyakanov, Skizzen zur Gesellschafts- und Staatsordnung des alienRusslands (Breslau, 1931; last Russian ed. 1926; a masterly workcovering both Kiev Russia and Muscovy up to the end of the seventeenthcentury; the translation has been sharply criticized by Germanscholars); A. Bruckner, Die Europdisierung Russlands (Gotha, 1888;in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries); I. Lubimenko, Lesrelations commerciales et politiques de l'Angleterre avec la Russie avantPierre le Grand (Paris, 1933); D. Gerhard. England und der AufstiegRusslands (Berlin, 1933; Anglo-Russian economic and foreign relationsin the eighteenth century).For the nineteenth century:M. Karpovich, * Imperial Russia, 1801-1917 (Berkshire Studies;New York, 1932; a very succinct outline); A. Kornilov, Modern RussianHistory (2 vols., New York, 1924; published in Russia, 1912-14; covers1796-1881; liberal standpoint; specially useful on Alexander IPsreforms; very badly translated); Grand Duke Nicolas Mikhailovich,Le Tsar Alexandre I (Paris, 1931; shortened version of a work originallypublished in 1912); T. Schiemann, Geschichte Russlands unterKaiser Nikolaus I (4 vols., Berlin, 1904-19; covers also the reign ofAlexander I; particularly valuable on foreign affairs).Two outstanding analyses of Russia in the fifty years before 1914,with much historical background, are:A. Leroy-Beaulieu, L' empire des Tsars et les Russes (3 vols., Paris,1881-89; also in (incomplete) English translation), and Harold Williams,' Russia of the Russians (1914).9. REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS AND THE BACK­GROUND OF THE REVOLUTIONN. Berdyaev, * The Origin of Russian Communism (1937; penetratingstudy of the intellectual and spiritual background and nature of RussianCommunism); M. T. Florinsky, The End of the Russian Empire (NewHaven, 1931; analysis of Russia during the War); N. N. Golovine,The Russian Army during the World War (New Haven, 1931; by aneminent Russian general); Lenin, The State and Revolution (1919;written late summer 1917), and vols. 1-5, 11 and 12 of his SelectedWorks (1936-39; covering 1894-1916); T. G. Masaryk, The Spirit ofRussia (2 vols., 1919; first published in German, 1913; weightyanalysis of the main trends of social, religious, and revolutionary thoughtin nineteenth-century Russia, with much historical background);James Mavor, vol. 2, see above § 4; Sir John Maynard, * Russia in Flux(1941; analysis of the century leading up to 1917; excellent interweavingof Russian literature); M. N. Pokrovsky, see above §3;454