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1425-62141014081406-8140413991397139513931385-613821380137813751368, 1370,13721367-813621354-681348133713261304-271300Vastly II, the Blind, 1425-62Victory of Poland-Lithuania overthe Teutonic Knights atGriinwald (Tannenberg).Siege of Moscow by the GoldenHorde (Edigei).Campaigns of Vitovt of Lithuaniaagainst Moscow.Capture of Smolensk by Vitovt.Defeat of Vitovt by the Tatarson the Vorskla.Foundation of Byelozero monastery.Defeat of the Golden Horde(Tokhtamysh) by Timur theLame (Tamerlane)Incorporation of Nizhni-Novgorod(Gorki) in grand -princedom of MoscowVitovt, grand-duke of Lithuania,1392-1430.Vastly I, 1389-1425First 'union' of Lithuania withPoland, Jagellon acceptsCatholicism and becomes kingLadislas IMoscow burnt by Tokhtamysh.Tokhtamysh, khan, 1380-95.Victory of Dmitry Donskoy overthe Tatars (Mamai) at KuhkovoDefeat of the Tatars on theVozha.Jagellon, grand-duke of Lithuaniafrom 1377, from 1386 king ofPolandFinal defeat of Tver (Kalinin)by Dmitry DonskoyAttacks on Moscow by Olgerd ofLithuaniaFirst stone fortifications of theMoscow KremlinDefeat of the Tatars by OlgerdDmitry Donskoy, 1359-89 *Berdibek, khan, 1357-9.Metropolitan AlexisIvan Ivanovich, 1353-59Pskov secures independence ofNovgorod.Olgerd, grand-duke of Lithuania,1345-77Simon the Proud, 1341-53.Djambek, khan, 1340-57Foundation of Troitsko-Sergievskymonastery, St Sergius.Final establishment of metropolitanin Moscow.Ivan Kalita, 1325-41 †Yuri Damlovtch, 1318-22.‡Gedimin, grand-duke of Lithuania,1316-41.Uzbek § (Moslem), khan, 1312-40.Dominance of Tver (Kalinin) inrivalry for grand-princedom.Metropolitan of Kiev settles atVladimir.1266 c.12611253 c1252-631249 ff124212401237-4212271223122112041193-71188 c1176-1212116911581157-7411471113-2510671051 c.1045-571037?Tokhta (not Moslem), khan,1290-1312Tula-Buga (? Moslem), khan,1287-90.Predominance of Nogai, until1299Tuda-Mangu (Moslem), khan,1280-87.Mangu-Timur (? Moslem), khan,1266-80.First Tatar grants to Genoese inCrimeaEnd of Latin empire and restorationof Byzantine empireat Constantinople under thePalaeologi.Berke (Moslem), khan, 1257-66.Sartak (Nestonan), khan, 1256.Founding of the first Sarai ascapital of the Golden HordeAlexander Nevsky, grand-princeof VladimirSwedish conquest and conversionof FinlandVictory of Alexander Nevskyover the German OrderVictory of Alexander Nevskyover the Swedes.Batu (shamantst), khan, till 1255.Mongol conquest of Russia andinvasion of Poland and HungaryMongol Period, 1240-1480Death of Genghis Khan.First Mongol invasion, defeatof the Russians and Polovtsyon the KalkaFoundation of Nizhni-Novgorod(Gorki)Capture of Constantinople by theFourth Crusade, beginningof the Latin empire (till 1261).Building of St Dmitri, VladimirBeginning of German conquest ofLivonia and Estonia, Knightsof the Sword (from 1202),Teutonic Knights from 1230 inE PrussiaVsevolod III, Great-Nest, grandprinceof Vladimir-SuzdalSack of Kiev by AndrewBogolyubsky.Beginning of Uspensky cathedralin VladimirAndrew Bogolyubsky, prince ofVladimir-SuzdalFirst written mention of Moscow.Vladimir Monomakh, grand -prince of Kiev Russia.First serious raids of thePolovtsy.Foundation of the Monastery ofthe Caves at KievBuilding of Santa Sofia, NovgorodSanta Sofia, Kiev, begun.* Prince of Moscow from 1359, grand-prmce from 1362† Prince of Moscow from 1325, grand-prmce from 1328 The grand-princedom thereafter (except 1359-62)remained with Moscow and the direct descendants of Ivan Kalita until 1598‡ Pnnce of Moscow from 1303, the first such to be recognized as grand-prince, in 1318§ All the succeeding khans were Moslems.2F—R.H. 449
1025-36 c.1019-54988978 c-1015973969-71Foundation of Yaroslavl.Yaroslav the Wise, grand-princeof Kiev Russia.Baptism of Vladimir and 'conversion'of Russia.Vladitmir, grand-prince of KievRussia.Death of Svyatoslav at the handsof the Pechenegs.Campaigns of Svyatoslav againstBulgaria and the Byzantineempire.Campaigns of Svyatoslav to theVolga and Caspian disruptionof the KhazarsSvyatoslav, grand-prince of KievRussia.Ecclesiastical mission from Ottothe Great to Kiev.957945944? 941911907?862860Visit of Olga (Christian), motherof Svyatoslav, to Constantinople.Treaty of Igor with Byzantineempire.Expeditions of Igor againstConstantinople.Treaty of Oleg with Byzantineempire.Expedition of Oleg against Constantinople.Traditional date of summoningof Rurik, the Varangian, torule in Novgorod.First Varangian expeditionagainst Constantinople.Period of Kiev Russia to 1240.45°
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UNIVERSALLIBRARYOU_214617UNIVERSALL
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SURVEYOFRUSSIAN HISTORYbyB. H. SUMN
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CHAPTERI. THE FRONTIERCONTENTS1. TY
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MAPS1. THE U.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTIO
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Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and
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MAP IU.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTION)West
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half-Russian), the Transcaucasian r
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honey, and wax provided essentials
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called podzol soils, grey sands and
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(I)ST JOHN THE BAPTIST, YAROSLAVL,
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movement of game and fur-bearing an
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By the sixteenth century the scatte
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other natural conditions made agric
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population were relatively free pea
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similar, and for centuries they had
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merchant-adventurers and sea-captai
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Byzantium or eastward into the step
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and external struggles, especially
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and opened the vista of the Volga a
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social conditions in Poland fomente
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followed slowly by the plough, into
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frontier region was less all-pervad
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For long a certain degree of mobili
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gone down river far away south into
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elected but appointed by the war mi
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Cossacks, 'men of service' settled
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sites. Some settled in the old Sibe
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(I)PETER THE GREAT, 1672-1725From t
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contrary it is necessary that there
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(according to the old Russian calen
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even a member of it after 1923. He
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headed first by the moderate libera
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words, "the regime of the dictators
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"the Supreme, Autocratic power belo
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was spoken of as a dress rehearsal.
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The bureaucracy meant the governmen
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the army in decomposition, there wa
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odies, the provincial and municipal
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functions and together with the pol
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Muscovy as the patrimony of the tsa
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his eldest son or, failing sons, to
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and then killed, as being the rally
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officers, but they were educated th
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The Byzantine inheritance is more d
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the necessity for unfettered autocr
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manorial administration of the prin
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the first concern of tsarism and in
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Ivan was a man who did not take ris
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extinguished, largely because after
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een broken down during the two prev
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Similarly, the council of magnates
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portion of his own handiwork in fra
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On the other hand, they could not u
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eigned 1801-25) was part of his gen
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particularly their generals-adjutan
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pleading of which might excite publ
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1793, 1795; Finland, 1721, 1743, 18
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producer and trader in his realm. T
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instituted (1804) a regularly organ
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of agriculture, took on a new form
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inevitably a full-scale revolution
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at a tempo unknown in the modern hi
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election is usually in effect contr
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'and sown grasses, even though cere
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the two had reached most dangerous
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[revolutionary propaganda]," a peas
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institutions were also encouraged,
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though it had been considerably imp
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(iv) Emancipation of the peasants,
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three times deferred or in part can
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in the eighties. It is no wonder th
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The edict of 1762 did not in fact r
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itterly resented. Marriage required
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peoples remained with their own cus
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These last two classes were not fre
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not offer such advantages in the wa
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Direct taxation of various kinds, b
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members of the commune regulated in
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organization continued for long to
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The commune or subdivisions of it,
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the peasantry and of the social his
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in composition, and one of Razin's
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from St Petersburg to impose a sett
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If need be the reigning monarch was
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leaving a chain of fires, but witho
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ST DMITRI, VLADIMIR, 1193-97(a)DYAK
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some support from across the fronti
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traditions and the past, may contri
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and their retainers, but there was
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Becket until Nikon, the Patriarch o
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the peasantry, some of which derive
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the west the Lithuanians—the last
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close and far-reaching as the monas
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" I , John, am tsar and priest, up
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the fact that about fourteen per ce
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though in fact they were a return t
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accentuated their disunion and dimi
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he abolished the patriarchate and r
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patriarchate. Disendowment and dise
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during the partition period (1772-1
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the German Blitzkrieg were promptly
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half Russian or Lithuanian. In this
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The state language (to some extent
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Sigismund III of Poland, on the cre
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in the War of the Polish Succession
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earlier in secret conclave with her
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purveyor of cosmopolitan enlightenm
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under his control the grand-duchy o
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continuously against all his Russia
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and could not be understood by Euro
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The peasantry took little part in t
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3. The Ukrainian QuestionThe major
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It is quite true that Russian histo
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pp. 49-50 and note); but they were
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The main reason why the struggle fo
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for the most part their distinctive
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though divided in their attitude to
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For some ten years Ukrainian Commun
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of all Slav and freedom-loving nati
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Empire (see pp. 178-179), but conne
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These generally conservative direct
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Prior to the Crimean War the Slavop
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and the last a great deal, to pansl
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and her liberation from Turkey. A g
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than Buda-Pest or Vienna. Anti-Germ
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Finns, for about seven centuries wi
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Lenin, ceased to be the capital sin
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y the Red Army, but Estonia, Latvia
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towards the Allies were engendered,
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conquest of Finland by the Swedes;
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Half a century after Ivan the Great
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all Swedes—as has already been ex
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had he succeeded in rallying the ma
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the learning and culture of enlight
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Sweden, and Finland, outside direct
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Swedish navy had reasserted itself
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evolution and Finland, to which the
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was a triumph of French diplomacy,
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Straits become a perpetual plague-s
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diplomatic pressure by Russia. Even
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in St Petersburg of a complete brea
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herself and Turkey alone. Now she a
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the congress the Russian and Britis
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an eventual annexation by her of Bo
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uncoiled, the new regime in Russia
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least definitely hostile. For this
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Armenia and Azerbaidzhan (see map i
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Russians and even imposed a conside
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A new Georgian literature and cultu
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Moscow. A month earlier Georgia had
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War, and the triumph, in company wi
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eing in direct relations with the U
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In that year Far Eastern affairs we
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great, but she still remained in po
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new Soviet state was so exhausted a
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there had previously taken place a
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notable withdrawal, but the governm
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CHAPTER VIITHE WEST1. Russia and Eu
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(I)THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY URALSBogo
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the specifically Russian achievemen
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the West. Such centres were, howeve
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ationalist and scientific thought,
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ight had I," cries Kropotkin in his
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or apathy by the peasants, and the
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had been different again. There had
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messenger sent on a sudden by God t
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mainly because Catholics were synon
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In ' the western lands ' printing,
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(b. 1643, banished to the Arctic 16
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went off as a member of 'the great
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science. He succeeded posthumously
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variable and the use of Russian as
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or (as for instance Osterman in the
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the middle of the eighteenth centur
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to the Academy of Sciences, and he
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from England and Germany. Russian m
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down to the serf's hut. From small
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operating in Russia: a 'free labour
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and by a few large-scale British-Ru
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addition to extremely low purchasin
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cent, was held by foreigners, as co
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of Bastiat and Cobden. There follow
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of Western Art one of the finest co
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imperialism in the Middle and Far E
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section of the town-dwellers, espec
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extent the commune. This helps to a
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pay had been made to it, and it was
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stood for Western democracy of a li
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than any since that of 1891, capped
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(4) There were just enough speciali
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CoalIron ore . . . .Pig-iron . . .
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including agriculture, all transpor
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commitments have been incurred than
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explicitly emphazised as a most imp
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Total populationUrban .Rural .19391
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policy pursued in the ten years bef
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often as not she was one of the dec
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Russia, as the Crimean War gave amp
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country by looting. The Russian arm
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illustrated by the Bavarian success
Page 411 and 412: the Napoleonic period hgr eastern i
Page 413 and 414: humbling of their pride and by the
Page 415 and 416: Niemen. Twelve weeks later Napoleon
Page 417 and 418: to the invader. He was torn to the
Page 419 and 420: of European peace might be formed,
Page 421 and 422: and the French, followed by war wit
Page 423 and 424: could to rebuild the rampart, to re
Page 425 and 426: of the Holy Alliance. There were, i
Page 427 and 428: Europe. Left to himself he would sw
Page 429 and 430: with the contrast in their own case
Page 431 and 432: agreed that Russia could not fight,
Page 433 and 434: Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, the capital
Page 435 and 436: The isolation of Russia after the c
Page 437 and 438: only if Germany were not the attack
Page 439 and 440: e disturbed as to the solidity of t
Page 441 and 442: championship of the Polish cause we
Page 443 and 444: and giving it a pro-French orientat
Page 445 and 446: evivified and extended the alliance
Page 447 and 448: powers" was not directly affected b
Page 449 and 450: which was one main reason for the p
Page 451 and 452: against her, had become impracticab
Page 453 and 454: against Western imperialism. The el
Page 455 and 456: fear drove both to combine, loosely
Page 458 and 459: CHRONOLOGICAL TABLEDates, as elsewh
Page 460 and 461: 1768-721767-8176417621756-631755175
Page 464 and 465: NOTE ON BOOKSTHE following list of
Page 466 and 467: Times to the Death of Dostoevsky (1
Page 468 and 469: Sir Bernard Pares, The Fall of the
Page 470 and 471: INDEXFor Russian foreign relations
Page 472 and 473: Factory workers: see Industrial dev
Page 474 and 475: Monasteries: 27, 48, 177-8, 182-4,1
Page 476 and 477: Skdbelev: 429.Slaves and slavery: 2
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