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Monasteries: 27, 48, 177-8, 182-4,186-8.Mongol invasion and period: dates,448-9; 23, 26,. 36-9, 81, 90-2,94-5, 181-2, 258, 259; books on,453.Mongolia: 306, 312.Montenegro: 238, 248, 416, 418.Montesquieu: 79, 344, 347.Mordvd: 23, 163.Moscow: dates, 448-9; rise of, 26,27, 38, 81, 89, 95; 'the thirdRome,' 89, 185-6; Kremlin, 180,327; 1812, 403; in nineteenthcentury, 353, 363, 365.Moslems, books on, 453; on theVolga, 23, 35, 163-5, 181; and theGolden Horde, 181-2, 449; inSiberia, 29, 30; in the Caucasus,290-4, 296; pan-islamism, 164,286, 292, 293, 297; and U.S S.R.,171-2, 298Munchengratz: 408-9.Muravydv-Amiirsky: 33, 299-300.Murmansk: 251, 260.Music 318, 453.Mus6rgsky: 82, 318.Myestmchevstvo. 99.Napoleon: and Alexander I, 213-4,397-405; and Poland, 213-4, 398,401, 1812, 84, 401-4Napoleon III. 217, 410, 428.Narva. 259, 260, 261, 263Naval stores and Baltic: 266-8, 399.Near Eastern Question: see OttomanempireNekrasov. 135.Neoslavism: 246-8.Nesselrode: 239, 278-9, 280-1, 299,342,410,415.New Economic Policy ' 128-30, 374~7-New Russia. 46-7, 229, 275, 276-7.Nicholas I. dates, 446; Decembristrising, 85-6, 349-50; serfdom,140-2, 354; internal policy, 79,112-4, 118, 338, 350, 354, 360, 410;Poland, 216-8, 408, 410; Turkeyand Eastern Question, 239-40, 275,278-82, 407-8, 412-5; 1830 and1848 revolutions, 408-12.Nicholas II (see also Revolution,Duma, Wars), dates, 445; characterand abdication, 73; internalpolicy, 67-8, 114-5, 246, 195;economic and social development,357-67; Far East, 301, 3°3~4JBj6rko treaty, 425; attitude toEngland, 437, 425.Nikon: 178, 187-91.Nobel: 363. 146Nobility: see Landowning class.Nogai Tatars: 39, 40.Novgorod: main characteristics andexpansion, 257-9, 21, 24, 25, 26-8,176, 179, 180, 203; subjection byMoscow, 259, 95-6; 205; occupiedby Swedes, 261.Novikdv: 348.Obl6mov: 323.Ochdkov 397.October Revolution • 57-60,74,232-3,288, 314-6, 372-4.Odessa. 46.Old Believers' 190-3, 165, 333, 354.Olga: 175, 450Ordfn-NashchcSkin: 262, 334.Orthodox church: 171-96, books on,452; Schism, 189-94, 332-3, Hussions,32, 48, 164-5; attitude tothe state, 88-9, 176, 184-9, 193-5;in ' the western lands' 182, 185,202, 204, 208-9, 212, 218, 114, 194,221, 225, 228, 247, western influencesin seventeenth century,331-5; and the Soviet Revolution,171-4, 196; see also Monasteriesand Ifyzantine influencesOttoman empire (see also Constantinopleand Straits) up to 1700,39, 90, 207, 227, 262, 273, 1700-1800, 164, 209, 238, 264, 273-5;1800-1853, 239-40, 400, 275-81,407-8, 409; Crimean War, 282,412-5, 1856-1917, 243-5, 282-7,416-8, 247-8, 426-7, 436-8; since1917, 287-90, 297, 172; andCaucasia, 290-7.Palmerston: 271, 275, 280, 413-5.Panin, N. I.' 211, 269, 395.Pan-islamism: 164, 286, 292, 293,297-Panslavism- 242-8, 278, 283, 421,422, 423, 429, see also Slavophils.Pan-turamanism: 286, 296, 298.Paul, tsar: 86, 146, 168, 213, foreignrelations, 396, 397.Pdvlov no, 317.Peasantry: serfdom before 1700, 148-55; 1700-1861, 135-6, 140-48,354; revolts, 141, 161-70; emancipation,135-40, 1905 Revolution andagrarian reforms, 131-35, 365-7,369, since 1917, 123-30, 374.Pechenegs: 35.Pendjeh: 436-7.Persia: and Transcaucasia, 290-3;and Russia and England, 413, 435,439~4i.
Peter the Great: dates, 447; characterand internal reforms, 102-7,143; youth and westernization,326, 330, 333-8, 262, 319; successionquestion, 83-4; serfdomand poll tax, 153-5, 160-1; church,187-8, 191, 193-4, 334-5; economic,116-7, 352; Sweden, 262-5;Turkey, 238, 264, 273; Persia, 291;Poland, 207, 262-4.Peter III: internal, 86, 341, 143, 168;external, 393, 394-5.Petlyura: 232-3.Philaret, patriarch' 189.Philip, metropolitan: 187.Photius, archimandrite: 407.Pilsudski: 198, 199, 221.Planning, economic: 317, 377-89.Pobedondstsev: 68, 195.Poincare: 433.Poland and the Poles: and Lithuaniaand Muscovy, to 1600, 200-5, 259-61; Time of Troubles, 79, 82-3,206; 1613-g8, 206-7, 226-7, 261-2,330-1; 1698-1764, 208-9, 262-4;partitions, 208-13, 229, 397; I795~1917, 213-21, 248, 401, 408, 410,420, 428-9; and panslavism, 242,246, 248; since 1917, 197-200, 237;population, 390-1.Police and police rule: 112-3, 410, 60.Poll tax: 153-4, 160.P61ovtsy: 36, 91, 449.PoltaVa: 263-4.Poniatriwski, Stanislas: 208.Population, comparative table, 390;Poland and partitions, 212, 214,390-1; peasantry, 123-4, 131, 135;factory workers, etc., 365; educationalfigures, 339-40; rural andurban, 365, 386; predominance ofRussians, 16-17; Ukraine, 45, 229,233, 234-5; New Russia, 46; Don,52; Siberia, 32, 55; Far East, 300.Port Arthur: 299, 302-5Potemkin (Potyomkin): 46, 211.Pozh&rsky: 206.Principalities see Roumania.Printing 117, 190, 332Prokopdvich, Feofdn: 335.Proletariat: see Industrial development.Prussia and Russia (see also Germany):Polish question, 208-11, 214, 218,408, 420; Sweden, 264, 268-9;during Frederick the Great, 392-7;1795-1870, 398, 214, 218, 408-11,420.Pskov: 257, 258, 259, 261.Pugachov. 161 -70.Pushkin: 67, 82, 105, 118, 144, 147,148, 161.462Radfshchev: 145, 346, 348.Railways: 120, 295' 356, 360-1, 435;Soviet, 312, 361, 387; see alsoTrans-Siberian and Chinese Eastern.Rasputin: 73, 195.Rastrelli: 265.Rizin, St6nka: 51, 161-7.Religion: see Orthodox church, Monasteries,and Moslems.Revel: 258, 261.Revolution of 1905: 68-70, 368-70,130-3; 52-3,230-1,246,296.Revolution of March 1917: 63-4,73-5, 115, 231-2, 297, 37I-3-Revolution, October: 57-60, 74,232-3, 288, 314-6, 372-4.Revolutionary movements, prior to1917: 58-9, 323-5, 350-I, 365-368-70; books on, 454.Richelieu, Due de: 46, 349.Riga: 258, 262, 265, 266, 267; since1917, 250, 252.Rimsky-Korsakov: 180, 318.Roads: 356.Ropshin: 113.Rostopchfn: 403.Roumania (see also Bessarabia): Principalities,238, 239, 274, 282, 400,415; 1856-7977,428,416,418-9.Rousseau: 344, 346.Rublydv: 181.Rurik: 81, 175, 450.St Petersburg: 263, 265-6, 365;(Leningrad), 251-2.Sakhalin: 299, 300, 305, 307.Salisbury: 424, 436-8.SaVinkov: 113.Sazonov. 248, 277, 419, 426, 427.Schism in church: 189-94, 332-3.Science: 317-8, 332, 385, 386, 455.Scots in Russia' 328-9.Senate: 107, 109.Serbs and Serbia (see also Jugoslavs):medieval connexions, 177, 179;1700-1878, 239, 240, 282, 415, 416;and panslavism, 239, 240, 242-4,247-8; 1908-14, 417-20, 285-6.Serfdom:Sergius, St: 184.Shamil: 293-4.Shcherbdtov: 346.Shevchenko. 230.Sholokhov 53, 127.Shuisky: 82, 448.Shuvdlov: 436.see Peasantry.Siberia: conquest and early colonization,29-32; since 1700, 53-6, 299—301, 312; since 19'7, 306-7, 56, 361,386-7; gold, 18, 54; deportations,54.
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UNIVERSALLIBRARYOU_214617UNIVERSALL
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SURVEYOFRUSSIAN HISTORYbyB. H. SUMN
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CHAPTERI. THE FRONTIERCONTENTS1. TY
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MAPS1. THE U.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTIO
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Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and
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MAP IU.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTION)West
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half-Russian), the Transcaucasian r
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honey, and wax provided essentials
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called podzol soils, grey sands and
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(I)ST JOHN THE BAPTIST, YAROSLAVL,
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movement of game and fur-bearing an
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By the sixteenth century the scatte
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other natural conditions made agric
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population were relatively free pea
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similar, and for centuries they had
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merchant-adventurers and sea-captai
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Byzantium or eastward into the step
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and external struggles, especially
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and opened the vista of the Volga a
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social conditions in Poland fomente
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followed slowly by the plough, into
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frontier region was less all-pervad
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For long a certain degree of mobili
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gone down river far away south into
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elected but appointed by the war mi
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Cossacks, 'men of service' settled
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sites. Some settled in the old Sibe
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(I)PETER THE GREAT, 1672-1725From t
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contrary it is necessary that there
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(according to the old Russian calen
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even a member of it after 1923. He
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headed first by the moderate libera
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words, "the regime of the dictators
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"the Supreme, Autocratic power belo
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was spoken of as a dress rehearsal.
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The bureaucracy meant the governmen
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the army in decomposition, there wa
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odies, the provincial and municipal
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functions and together with the pol
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Muscovy as the patrimony of the tsa
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his eldest son or, failing sons, to
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and then killed, as being the rally
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officers, but they were educated th
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The Byzantine inheritance is more d
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the necessity for unfettered autocr
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manorial administration of the prin
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the first concern of tsarism and in
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Ivan was a man who did not take ris
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extinguished, largely because after
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een broken down during the two prev
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Similarly, the council of magnates
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portion of his own handiwork in fra
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On the other hand, they could not u
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eigned 1801-25) was part of his gen
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particularly their generals-adjutan
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pleading of which might excite publ
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1793, 1795; Finland, 1721, 1743, 18
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producer and trader in his realm. T
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instituted (1804) a regularly organ
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of agriculture, took on a new form
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inevitably a full-scale revolution
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at a tempo unknown in the modern hi
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election is usually in effect contr
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'and sown grasses, even though cere
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the two had reached most dangerous
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[revolutionary propaganda]," a peas
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institutions were also encouraged,
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though it had been considerably imp
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(iv) Emancipation of the peasants,
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three times deferred or in part can
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in the eighties. It is no wonder th
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The edict of 1762 did not in fact r
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itterly resented. Marriage required
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peoples remained with their own cus
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These last two classes were not fre
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not offer such advantages in the wa
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Direct taxation of various kinds, b
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members of the commune regulated in
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organization continued for long to
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The commune or subdivisions of it,
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the peasantry and of the social his
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in composition, and one of Razin's
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from St Petersburg to impose a sett
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If need be the reigning monarch was
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leaving a chain of fires, but witho
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ST DMITRI, VLADIMIR, 1193-97(a)DYAK
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some support from across the fronti
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traditions and the past, may contri
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and their retainers, but there was
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Becket until Nikon, the Patriarch o
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the peasantry, some of which derive
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the west the Lithuanians—the last
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close and far-reaching as the monas
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" I , John, am tsar and priest, up
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the fact that about fourteen per ce
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though in fact they were a return t
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accentuated their disunion and dimi
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he abolished the patriarchate and r
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patriarchate. Disendowment and dise
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during the partition period (1772-1
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the German Blitzkrieg were promptly
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half Russian or Lithuanian. In this
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The state language (to some extent
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Sigismund III of Poland, on the cre
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in the War of the Polish Succession
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earlier in secret conclave with her
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purveyor of cosmopolitan enlightenm
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under his control the grand-duchy o
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continuously against all his Russia
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and could not be understood by Euro
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The peasantry took little part in t
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3. The Ukrainian QuestionThe major
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It is quite true that Russian histo
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pp. 49-50 and note); but they were
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The main reason why the struggle fo
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for the most part their distinctive
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though divided in their attitude to
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For some ten years Ukrainian Commun
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of all Slav and freedom-loving nati
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Empire (see pp. 178-179), but conne
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These generally conservative direct
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Prior to the Crimean War the Slavop
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and the last a great deal, to pansl
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and her liberation from Turkey. A g
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than Buda-Pest or Vienna. Anti-Germ
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Finns, for about seven centuries wi
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Lenin, ceased to be the capital sin
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y the Red Army, but Estonia, Latvia
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towards the Allies were engendered,
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conquest of Finland by the Swedes;
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Half a century after Ivan the Great
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all Swedes—as has already been ex
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had he succeeded in rallying the ma
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the learning and culture of enlight
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Sweden, and Finland, outside direct
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Swedish navy had reasserted itself
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evolution and Finland, to which the
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was a triumph of French diplomacy,
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Straits become a perpetual plague-s
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diplomatic pressure by Russia. Even
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in St Petersburg of a complete brea
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herself and Turkey alone. Now she a
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the congress the Russian and Britis
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an eventual annexation by her of Bo
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uncoiled, the new regime in Russia
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least definitely hostile. For this
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Armenia and Azerbaidzhan (see map i
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Russians and even imposed a conside
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A new Georgian literature and cultu
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Moscow. A month earlier Georgia had
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War, and the triumph, in company wi
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eing in direct relations with the U
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In that year Far Eastern affairs we
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great, but she still remained in po
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new Soviet state was so exhausted a
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there had previously taken place a
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notable withdrawal, but the governm
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CHAPTER VIITHE WEST1. Russia and Eu
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(I)THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY URALSBogo
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the specifically Russian achievemen
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the West. Such centres were, howeve
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ationalist and scientific thought,
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ight had I," cries Kropotkin in his
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or apathy by the peasants, and the
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had been different again. There had
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messenger sent on a sudden by God t
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mainly because Catholics were synon
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In ' the western lands ' printing,
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(b. 1643, banished to the Arctic 16
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went off as a member of 'the great
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science. He succeeded posthumously
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variable and the use of Russian as
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or (as for instance Osterman in the
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the middle of the eighteenth centur
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to the Academy of Sciences, and he
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from England and Germany. Russian m
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down to the serf's hut. From small
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operating in Russia: a 'free labour
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and by a few large-scale British-Ru
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addition to extremely low purchasin
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cent, was held by foreigners, as co
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of Bastiat and Cobden. There follow
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of Western Art one of the finest co
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imperialism in the Middle and Far E
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section of the town-dwellers, espec
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extent the commune. This helps to a
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pay had been made to it, and it was
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stood for Western democracy of a li
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than any since that of 1891, capped
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(4) There were just enough speciali
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CoalIron ore . . . .Pig-iron . . .
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including agriculture, all transpor
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commitments have been incurred than
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explicitly emphazised as a most imp
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Total populationUrban .Rural .19391
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policy pursued in the ten years bef
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often as not she was one of the dec
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Russia, as the Crimean War gave amp
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country by looting. The Russian arm
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illustrated by the Bavarian success
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the Napoleonic period hgr eastern i
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humbling of their pride and by the
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Niemen. Twelve weeks later Napoleon
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to the invader. He was torn to the
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of European peace might be formed,
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and the French, followed by war wit
Page 423 and 424: could to rebuild the rampart, to re
Page 425 and 426: of the Holy Alliance. There were, i
Page 427 and 428: Europe. Left to himself he would sw
Page 429 and 430: with the contrast in their own case
Page 431 and 432: agreed that Russia could not fight,
Page 433 and 434: Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, the capital
Page 435 and 436: The isolation of Russia after the c
Page 437 and 438: only if Germany were not the attack
Page 439 and 440: e disturbed as to the solidity of t
Page 441 and 442: championship of the Polish cause we
Page 443 and 444: and giving it a pro-French orientat
Page 445 and 446: evivified and extended the alliance
Page 447 and 448: powers" was not directly affected b
Page 449 and 450: which was one main reason for the p
Page 451 and 452: against her, had become impracticab
Page 453 and 454: against Western imperialism. The el
Page 455 and 456: fear drove both to combine, loosely
Page 458 and 459: CHRONOLOGICAL TABLEDates, as elsewh
Page 460 and 461: 1768-721767-8176417621756-631755175
Page 462 and 463: 1425-62141014081406-814041399139713
Page 464 and 465: NOTE ON BOOKSTHE following list of
Page 466 and 467: Times to the Death of Dostoevsky (1
Page 468 and 469: Sir Bernard Pares, The Fall of the
Page 470 and 471: INDEXFor Russian foreign relations
Page 472 and 473: Factory workers: see Industrial dev
Page 476 and 477: Skdbelev: 429.Slaves and slavery: 2
show all

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