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the West. And further, a new generation of able,modernist Ukrainian ecclesiastics were prepared to collaboratewith Peter, at least in part, and were raised tohigh office.The most eminent of these was Feofan Prokopovich(b. 1677 or 1681, d. 1736), in his own day and subsequentlya very controversial figure. Born and trainedin Kiev, he was for a time a Uniat, and he spent threeyears studying in Rome. But he returned to Kiev andOrthodoxy, and his later foreign connexions were mainlywith the Protestant world. He was a man of greatlearning and many-sided gifts and an opponent both ofscholasticism and of the Muscovite version of Byzantinism.His energy as a writer, preacher, and educator drewPeter's attention. After 1716 he became his mosttrusted ecclesiastical adviser and was mainly responsiblefor his Spiritual Regulation, in accordance with whichthe Synod was established in place of the Patriarchate(1721) and a church secondary school set up in eachdiocese.Peter's struggle against Muscovite nationalism withinthe church and his general policy of the subjection of thechurch to the state were of lasting importance. Stillmore so were his direct methods of westernizing Russia,for they deliberately involved the secularization of lifeand education. He employed three main methods: useof foreigners in Russia, learning from foreigners abroad,and lay education. The first was but an extension on avery large scale of what had been increasing during theprevious hundred years. The novel elements in it werethe closeness of Peter's own companionship withforeigners, and the much greater responsibility they weregiven. The other two methods were new, save for thefruitless attempt of Boris Godunov mentioned earlier.One prominent trait in Peter was that he believed thatthe sovereign should set the example by showing that hecould himself do what he called upon his subjects to do.This was a natural corollary of his insatiable curiosityand his physical and intellectual energy and dexterity.Hitherto no Russian sovereign had ever been outsidethe western bounds of his realm. In 1697 Peter himself335