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INDEXFor Russian foreign relations see under each separate country and the individualtsars. For wars and treaties see under those two headings.Academy of Sciences: 337, 342.Adrian, patriarch: 334.Afghanistan: 413, 435, 436, 440-1.Agnculture: 17, 21-5, 45-7, 55-6,378; and see under Peasantry.Aksakov, Sergius: 41.Aland islands- 264, 271-2Alaska: 33, 298.Alexander I: dates, 446; internalaffairs, 79, 107-8, 117-8, 398-400,406-7, serfdom, 147, culturalinfluences, 348-9; Poland, 213-7,401; Turkey, 239, 278, 400, 407,Napoleon, 397-405; Holy Alliance,405-7.Alexander II: dates, 446; emancipationof serfs, 135—40, 141; zemstva,77, 78; education, 338-9; press,118-9; judicial reforms, 111-2,economic, 356-7, 360; Poland,218-20, 428; Turkey and EasternQuestion, 241-5, 282-4, 416, 428.Alexander III. internal policy, 77-8,114, 140, 246; Bulgarian crisis, 246,422-4; the Straits and Slavs, 284.Alexander Nevsky. 67, 258, 449.Alexis, metropolitan: 184.Alexis, tsar: dates, 447; internal,44-5, 115, 189, 330; Ukraine-Poland, 206, 227, 262; Sweden,262.Alexis Petrdvich, tsarevich' 104, 193.Allied Intervention, igi8-2o 60,232-3, 251, 287, 297-8, 306-7, 373.America: 1, 47, 86, 353, 396, 399;the frontier, 17, 43; Alaska, 33;Far East, 302, 305, 306, 307, 313;U.S S R., 376, 382, 385, 445; comparativetables, 362, 382-3, 390Amur region: 30, 33, 55, 298-300,312.Anglo-Russian entente: 440-1 ; seealso Great Britain.Anna, empress: 84-5, 341.Arakchdyev: 406.Architecture: 180-1, 327, 28, 265,453-Arkhangel: 28, 266, 251.Armed Neutrality: 267, 396.Armenia and Armenians: in Transcaucasia,10, 291, 292, 293, 295-7;in Turkey, 286, 287, 437, 438.457Assembly of the land: 80-3.Austria, Austria-Hungary: 16, 68, 69;relations with Russia before 1795,238,262,274,392-3,395-7; 1795-1856, 397-8, 405-12, 240, 282, 415;1856-1917, 416-24, 285-6, 243-8;Balkans, 238, 240, 243-5, 246-7,282, 283, 285-6, 416-24; Poland,209-10, 214, 218, 408, 428; Ukrainlans,231-2.Awakum: 190Azerbaidzhan: 10, 292, 293, 296;see also Baku.Azev. 113.Azdv: 50, 51, 273-4.Baku: 16, 288, 291, 293, 295-8, 363.Bakunin: 146, 321.Balkan League: 248, 286, 418, 433Baltic Germans- 113-4, 147, 341-3;before 1721, see Livonia andTeutonic Knights; after 1917, seeLatvia.Baltic trade, since 1500 . 259, 260,266-8, 399.Banks: 355, 356, 133, 140.Barclay de Tolly 329, 403.Bashkirs' 18, 40, 163-5.Batum- 288, 294, 295, 297.Beccana • 79Bentham: 348Bessarabia 10, 47, 114, 225, 238,274, 282-3, 419Bestuzhev-Ryumin: 392-3.Bfron' 341.Bismarck. 245, 358, 421-4.Black Sea: economic importance,266, 276-8; neutralization, 282-3;see also Straits.Blackstone. 348.Blok: 75.Bogolyubsky, Andrew. 36, 449.Bolotnikov: 161-2, 170Bolsheviks: see Communism.Boris GodunoV. 82, 328, 448.Borodin: 179, 318.Borodin6: 403, 404.Bosnia-Herzegovina 243, 244, 417-8,235-6.Boyarskaya Duma:Magnates.Brest, Union of: 185, 202, 225.see Council of
Bulavin: 51, 161-2, 163, 165-6.Bulgarian cnsis, 1885-87; 245-6,422-4.Bulgars and Bulgaria: medieval connexions,35, 175, 177, 178, 179;panslavism, 240, 242-6, 247-8;1878-1917, 416, 246, 422-4, 418;since 1917, 236-7.Bulgars, Volga: 23, 35, 40, 181.Bureaucracy: 72-3, 102, 106-7, no,112-3, 121, 325, 376, 381; Germanelement in, 341-3.Burydts: 30, 32, 306.Byelgorod defence line: 44.Byelinsky: 241, 321.Byelostdk district: 212.Byeldzero monastery. 27.Byzantine influences: 35, 36, 81, 87-90, 174-82, 186.Capodistnas: 407.Catherine the Great: dates, 446-7;personal, 86, 393, 345, 211; culturalinfluence and ' the age of'; 345-9;serfdom, 142-6, 167; other internalquestions, 76, 79, 85, 114, 117;economic, 116, 354; Ukraine, 229,211; Poland, 208-13, 397; Sweden,269-70; Prussia, 393,394-6,208-11;England, 396-7.Caucasia: see Transcaucasia.Caucasus mountaineers: 16,292-4.Caucasus steppes, North: 52, 292,294-Censorship: 117-9.Central Asia: books on, 453; before1917, 291, 298, 361, 435; Soviet,10, 11, 15, 298, 361, 387.Chaikovsky: 318.Chancellor, Richard: 28.Charles XII: 207-8, 229, 263-5, 273.Chekhov: 132, 323.China: up to 1850, 30, 298; 1850-1917 55, 299-306; since 1917,307-13.Chinese Eastern Railway: 302-3, 306,307, 310, 311.Chuvash: 35, 163.Circassians: 293, 294.Civil War, 1918-20: 53, 56, 60, 198,232-3, 287-8, 297, 306-7, 373-4-Code of precedence: 99.Collective farms: 124-30.'Colleges': 106-7.Commune (mir): origin and growth,155-6o; since 1861, 125, 131, 133,134, 136-8; in the North andSiberia, 29, 54, 158; in the South,47, 157-8.Communism and Communist party:57-62, 314-7, 368, 375, 454-5;and religion, 171-4, 196; League ofYouth, 317.Communist International: 308-10,314-5, 255, 455-Constantine, grand-duke: 86, 217.Constantinople: and Kiev Russia, 24,35-6, 449-50, see also Byzantineinfluences; capture of, by Turks, 88,89, 185; and the Straits, 274-90,427, 436-8, 441-Continental System: 268, 398-400.Co-operatives: 367, 55.Cossacks: 49-50; Don, 49-53, 162;T6rek, 52, 290-1; Ukrainian andZaporozhian, 50, 162, 225-9; Ural,50, 162, 165, 169.Council of Magnates: 99-102.Council of State: 108, 69.Courland: 84, 341.Cracow: 214, 408.Crimean Tatars: dates, 448; 39,41-3,164,205,227,262,263,273,274.Crimean War: see Wars.Currency: 356-7,398-9; Soviet, 373,376.Cyril, St: 174, 178.Czartoryski: 213, 215, 239, 398, 401.Czechs and Czechoslovakia: and panslavism,243, 247-8; since 1918,199, 225, 235, 237; in Siberia, 56,306.Decembrist rising: 85-6, 349-50.Delcass6. 431-2, 433.Denikin: 198, 287, 297.Denmark: 257, 259, 261, 262-4, 266,267, 269, 396, 411.Diderot: 346.Dmitri Ddnskoy: 38, 449.Dmowski: 220-1.Dogger Bank incident: 436-7.Don Cossacks. 49-53, 162.Doners Basin: 19, 230, 364, 387.Dostoevsky: 54, 195, 242, 322.Duma: 68-70, 72, 74, 75-6, 133, 339-Dutch trade and influences: 28, 259,260, 267, 328, 329, 336.Dvoryane: see Landowning class.Eastern Question: see Ottomanempire.Education: 326, 117, 331-2, 335-40,342; Soviet, 123, 34o, 385, 455-Elizabeth, empress: 344, 392-5.Emancipation of serfs: 135-40.Encyclopaedists, the: 344, 346.England: see Great Britain.Enver Pasha: 298.Estonia: before 1700, 257, 258, 259,261; conquered, 264-5; since1917, 249-54.
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UNIVERSALLIBRARYOU_214617UNIVERSALL
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SURVEYOFRUSSIAN HISTORYbyB. H. SUMN
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CHAPTERI. THE FRONTIERCONTENTS1. TY
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MAPS1. THE U.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTIO
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Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and
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MAP IU.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTION)West
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half-Russian), the Transcaucasian r
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honey, and wax provided essentials
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called podzol soils, grey sands and
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(I)ST JOHN THE BAPTIST, YAROSLAVL,
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movement of game and fur-bearing an
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By the sixteenth century the scatte
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other natural conditions made agric
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population were relatively free pea
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similar, and for centuries they had
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merchant-adventurers and sea-captai
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Byzantium or eastward into the step
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and external struggles, especially
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and opened the vista of the Volga a
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social conditions in Poland fomente
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followed slowly by the plough, into
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frontier region was less all-pervad
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For long a certain degree of mobili
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gone down river far away south into
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elected but appointed by the war mi
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Cossacks, 'men of service' settled
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sites. Some settled in the old Sibe
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(I)PETER THE GREAT, 1672-1725From t
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contrary it is necessary that there
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(according to the old Russian calen
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even a member of it after 1923. He
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headed first by the moderate libera
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words, "the regime of the dictators
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"the Supreme, Autocratic power belo
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was spoken of as a dress rehearsal.
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The bureaucracy meant the governmen
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the army in decomposition, there wa
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odies, the provincial and municipal
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functions and together with the pol
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Muscovy as the patrimony of the tsa
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his eldest son or, failing sons, to
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and then killed, as being the rally
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officers, but they were educated th
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The Byzantine inheritance is more d
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the necessity for unfettered autocr
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manorial administration of the prin
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the first concern of tsarism and in
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Ivan was a man who did not take ris
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extinguished, largely because after
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een broken down during the two prev
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Similarly, the council of magnates
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portion of his own handiwork in fra
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On the other hand, they could not u
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eigned 1801-25) was part of his gen
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particularly their generals-adjutan
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pleading of which might excite publ
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1793, 1795; Finland, 1721, 1743, 18
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producer and trader in his realm. T
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instituted (1804) a regularly organ
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of agriculture, took on a new form
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inevitably a full-scale revolution
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at a tempo unknown in the modern hi
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election is usually in effect contr
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'and sown grasses, even though cere
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the two had reached most dangerous
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[revolutionary propaganda]," a peas
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institutions were also encouraged,
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though it had been considerably imp
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(iv) Emancipation of the peasants,
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three times deferred or in part can
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in the eighties. It is no wonder th
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The edict of 1762 did not in fact r
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itterly resented. Marriage required
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peoples remained with their own cus
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These last two classes were not fre
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not offer such advantages in the wa
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Direct taxation of various kinds, b
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members of the commune regulated in
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organization continued for long to
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The commune or subdivisions of it,
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the peasantry and of the social his
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in composition, and one of Razin's
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from St Petersburg to impose a sett
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If need be the reigning monarch was
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leaving a chain of fires, but witho
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ST DMITRI, VLADIMIR, 1193-97(a)DYAK
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some support from across the fronti
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traditions and the past, may contri
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and their retainers, but there was
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Becket until Nikon, the Patriarch o
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the peasantry, some of which derive
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the west the Lithuanians—the last
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close and far-reaching as the monas
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" I , John, am tsar and priest, up
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the fact that about fourteen per ce
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though in fact they were a return t
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accentuated their disunion and dimi
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he abolished the patriarchate and r
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patriarchate. Disendowment and dise
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during the partition period (1772-1
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the German Blitzkrieg were promptly
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half Russian or Lithuanian. In this
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The state language (to some extent
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Sigismund III of Poland, on the cre
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in the War of the Polish Succession
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earlier in secret conclave with her
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purveyor of cosmopolitan enlightenm
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under his control the grand-duchy o
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continuously against all his Russia
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and could not be understood by Euro
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The peasantry took little part in t
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3. The Ukrainian QuestionThe major
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It is quite true that Russian histo
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pp. 49-50 and note); but they were
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The main reason why the struggle fo
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for the most part their distinctive
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though divided in their attitude to
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For some ten years Ukrainian Commun
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of all Slav and freedom-loving nati
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Empire (see pp. 178-179), but conne
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These generally conservative direct
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Prior to the Crimean War the Slavop
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and the last a great deal, to pansl
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and her liberation from Turkey. A g
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than Buda-Pest or Vienna. Anti-Germ
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Finns, for about seven centuries wi
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Lenin, ceased to be the capital sin
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y the Red Army, but Estonia, Latvia
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towards the Allies were engendered,
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conquest of Finland by the Swedes;
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Half a century after Ivan the Great
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all Swedes—as has already been ex
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had he succeeded in rallying the ma
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the learning and culture of enlight
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Sweden, and Finland, outside direct
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Swedish navy had reasserted itself
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evolution and Finland, to which the
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was a triumph of French diplomacy,
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Straits become a perpetual plague-s
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diplomatic pressure by Russia. Even
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in St Petersburg of a complete brea
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herself and Turkey alone. Now she a
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the congress the Russian and Britis
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an eventual annexation by her of Bo
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uncoiled, the new regime in Russia
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least definitely hostile. For this
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Armenia and Azerbaidzhan (see map i
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Russians and even imposed a conside
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A new Georgian literature and cultu
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Moscow. A month earlier Georgia had
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War, and the triumph, in company wi
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eing in direct relations with the U
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In that year Far Eastern affairs we
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great, but she still remained in po
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new Soviet state was so exhausted a
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there had previously taken place a
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notable withdrawal, but the governm
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CHAPTER VIITHE WEST1. Russia and Eu
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(I)THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY URALSBogo
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the specifically Russian achievemen
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the West. Such centres were, howeve
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ationalist and scientific thought,
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ight had I," cries Kropotkin in his
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or apathy by the peasants, and the
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had been different again. There had
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messenger sent on a sudden by God t
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mainly because Catholics were synon
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In ' the western lands ' printing,
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(b. 1643, banished to the Arctic 16
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went off as a member of 'the great
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science. He succeeded posthumously
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variable and the use of Russian as
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or (as for instance Osterman in the
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the middle of the eighteenth centur
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to the Academy of Sciences, and he
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from England and Germany. Russian m
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down to the serf's hut. From small
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operating in Russia: a 'free labour
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and by a few large-scale British-Ru
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addition to extremely low purchasin
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cent, was held by foreigners, as co
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of Bastiat and Cobden. There follow
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of Western Art one of the finest co
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imperialism in the Middle and Far E
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section of the town-dwellers, espec
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extent the commune. This helps to a
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pay had been made to it, and it was
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stood for Western democracy of a li
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than any since that of 1891, capped
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(4) There were just enough speciali
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CoalIron ore . . . .Pig-iron . . .
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including agriculture, all transpor
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commitments have been incurred than
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explicitly emphazised as a most imp
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Total populationUrban .Rural .19391
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policy pursued in the ten years bef
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often as not she was one of the dec
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Russia, as the Crimean War gave amp
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country by looting. The Russian arm
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illustrated by the Bavarian success
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the Napoleonic period hgr eastern i
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humbling of their pride and by the
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Niemen. Twelve weeks later Napoleon
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to the invader. He was torn to the
Page 419 and 420: of European peace might be formed,
Page 421 and 422: and the French, followed by war wit
Page 423 and 424: could to rebuild the rampart, to re
Page 425 and 426: of the Holy Alliance. There were, i
Page 427 and 428: Europe. Left to himself he would sw
Page 429 and 430: with the contrast in their own case
Page 431 and 432: agreed that Russia could not fight,
Page 433 and 434: Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, the capital
Page 435 and 436: The isolation of Russia after the c
Page 437 and 438: only if Germany were not the attack
Page 439 and 440: e disturbed as to the solidity of t
Page 441 and 442: championship of the Polish cause we
Page 443 and 444: and giving it a pro-French orientat
Page 445 and 446: evivified and extended the alliance
Page 447 and 448: powers" was not directly affected b
Page 449 and 450: which was one main reason for the p
Page 451 and 452: against her, had become impracticab
Page 453 and 454: against Western imperialism. The el
Page 455 and 456: fear drove both to combine, loosely
Page 458 and 459: CHRONOLOGICAL TABLEDates, as elsewh
Page 460 and 461: 1768-721767-8176417621756-631755175
Page 462 and 463: 1425-62141014081406-814041399139713
Page 464 and 465: NOTE ON BOOKSTHE following list of
Page 466 and 467: Times to the Death of Dostoevsky (1
Page 468 and 469: Sir Bernard Pares, The Fall of the
Page 472 and 473: Factory workers: see Industrial dev
Page 474 and 475: Monasteries: 27, 48, 177-8, 182-4,1
Page 476 and 477: Skdbelev: 429.Slaves and slavery: 2
show all

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