Factory workers: see Industrial development.False Dmitris: 82, 168, 206, 448.Famines: before 1917, 152, 135, 55,139, 134; since 1917, 128, 373~4,234.Far East: see under Amur region,Siberia, Manchuria, and SovietUnion.Feddor Ivanovich: 82.Feudalism: 94-5,149,454.Finance: see Banks, Currency, Loans.Finland: up to 1809, 258, 264, 269-70; 1809-1917, 114-5, 214; since1917, 251-6, 272.Finnish peoples in Russia: 16, 23, 26,28, 35, 257.Five-year plans: 317,377-89.Florence, Council of: 98, 185-6.Foreign trade: 250, 266, 355, 360,426; Baltic, 259, 260, 266-8;Black Sea, 276-7, 266; Soviet, 250,385, 388.France and Russia: comparativetables, 362, 383, 390; cultural influences,336, 343-51; loans andinvestments, 358-9,431,433; Polishquestion, 208, 217, 221, 408, 428-9;Sweden, 268-71, 427; Turkey, 274,278, 280-2, 287, 289, 400, 412, 428,429; French Revolution, 213, 219,270,349,397; Napoleon, 84, 213-4,349, 397-405; 1830 and 1848, 408,410; Napoleon III, 217, 410, 428;1870-1917, 423-4, 427-34; since1917,199, 253, 255, see also AlliedIntervention.Franco-Russian alliance: 423-4,430-4.Frederick the Great: 208, 210, 211,392-6.French revolution: 213, 219, 270,349, 397.Gahcia ' 200, 203, 214, 225, 231,233, 247.Gentry, see Landowning class.Georgia: 10, 291-8.German colonists, on Volga, 41;elsewhere, 46-7.' German colony' in Moscow: 329-30,334-German influences: 86-7, 340-3.Germans, Baltic: see Baltic Germans.Germany and Russia (see also Prussia):general review 1870-1914, 418-27;economic relations, 358-60, 426,376; comparative tables, 362, 382-3, 390; and Slavdom, 235-6, 245,247-8,343; Poland, 220-1,198-200;Baltic states and Finland, 251,253-6; Ukraine, 232, 234, 235; the459Straits, 286, 426-7; Caucasus, 297;Far East, 302-3, 312-3, 425; since1917,198-200,232, 234,235,251-6,312-3, 343, 382-3,443.Giers: 423,424,435.Gladkov: 65.G6gol: 20, 50, 118.Golden Horde: dates, 448-9; 23, 26,36-9, 81, 90-2, 94-5, 181-2, 258,259; books on, 453.Golitsyn, V. V.: 333-4.Goncharov: 323.Gorchakov: 241, 243, 245, 283, 421,428.Grain exports: 276-7.Great Britain and Russia: generalattitude, 412-5, 434-6, 442; culturalinfluences, 342, 442; economicrelations, 28, 259, 260, 266-8, 352-4, 359, 398-9; comparative tables,362, 382-3, 390; Holy Alliance,407; the Baltic, 264-71; Poland,217-8, 221, 408, 428; Turkey, 275,279-89, 397, 407-8, 412-5, 437-8;Caucasus, 294, 297-8; threat toIndia, 413, 434-6, 439, 441, Persia,292,413,435,439-41, Afghanistan,413, 435, 436, 440-1; 1907 entente,440-1; Far East, 299-302, 303304, 306-7, 309, 438-9; since 1917,199, 251-3, 255, see also AlliedIntervention.Greece. 238, 281, 407-8; BalkanLeague, 248, 418.Gustavus III: 269-70, 390.Hanseatic League: 26, 27, 258, 259.Herberstein. 92.Herzen: 144, 241, 320. 350Holstem' 264, 269, 341, 411.Holy Alliance. 405-7, 408-9.Hughes, John: 364.Hungary, 1849 intervention: 410-11.Igndtyev: 243-5, 271, 283, 299, 416.India, threat to: 413, 434-6, 439, 441.Industrial development: up to 1861,115-6, 141, 352-5; 1861-1917,120-1, 139, 356-66; Soviet, 375,377-9, 382-8, comparative outputtables, 362, 378, 383.Ingna: 257, 258, 261, 263, 272.Investments, Foreign: 3 5 7-9; see alsoLoans.Isidore, metropolitan: 185.Islam: see Moslems.Italian influences: 87, 180, 265, 327.Ivdn the Great, dates, 448; internal,28, 39, 87, 95-6, 150, 187, 327;foreign relations, 39, 87, 205, 259,327.
Ivan the Terrible: dates, 448; characterand importance of, 96-101;internal, 67, 80, 87, 89-90, 92, 137;the Tatars, 39,43,44,327; LivonianWar, 101, 205, 260-1, 328.Ivan V: 83, 84.Ivan VI: 392.Izvdlsky Straits and Balkans, 246,285-6, 289, 417-8; Baltic, 271;entente with England, 440.Japan: and Russia, 301-6, 432, 436,439; and U.S.S.R., 307, 311-3;population, 390.Jesuits' 185, 209, 225, 331, 212, 349.Jews and anti-Semitism: 119, 212,214, 215, 220, 246, 315.Joachim, patriarch: 333-4.Joseph of Volokolamsk. 187.Jugoslavs and Jugoslavia (see alsoSerbs). 247, 417, 419; since I917,235, 236, 237.Kalmuks • 30, 40.Kamchatka. 298, 299.Karamzin 349.Karelia 251, 255, 256.Kars: 282, 294, 288, 297.Katkdv: 119,423,429-30.Kazakhstan and Kazakhs: 10, 11, 19,30, 41, 53, 56, 385-6.Kazan Tatars: 39, 41, 163-5, 3 2 7-Kerensky 64, 74, 372.Kharkov: 45, 331, 232, 364, 447.Khazars' 35.Khmelnitsky, Bohdan: 223, 226-7,235.Kholm district' 221.Kiev 24, 26, 35-6, 203, in seventeenthcentury, 225, 331; regainedby Muscovy, 205, 206, 227.Kiev Russia: dates, 449-50; 24, 257,26, 35-6, 88, 90, 159, 174-81.Kirov: 252.Knights of the Sword: see Livonia.Knoop, Ludwig: 353.Kok6vtsev: 440.Kolchdk 56, 198, 307.Kornilov: 372.Kosciuszko: 210.Krivdi Rog: 19, 230, 364.Kropdtkin. 144, 322Kryldv: 72Kuchum Khan: 29.Kulikdvo. 38, 184.Kurbsky 100.Kutuzov. 403-4, 274, 67.Kuznetsk basin: 19, 386-7.La Harpe. 348.Lamsdorff: 425, 439.Landowning class: up to 1700, 97-103, 105, 150-4; 1700-1861, 84-5,140-8, 354; 1861-1917, 135-6, 140.Latvia: 249-54; see also BalticGermans and Livonia.Lenin: 57-60, 63, 64, 314, 372-4,380-1; and religion, 171, 172;and Asia, 288, 308; writings, 54,454-5.Leningrad: 251-2; (St Petersburg),263, 265-6, 365.Lgrmontov: 52, 67, 118, 295, 329.Literacy and illiteracy: 123, 326,339-40-Literature: 452-3; medieval, 179-80; nineteenth-century, 318-23,442; foreign influences since 1650,33o-2, 342, 344-51-Lithuania: grand-duchy, 182, 202-5,448-9; and partitions of Poland,212, 213; since 1917, 199, 200,249-54-Little Russia. 45, 206, 227-9, 3^4;see also Ukraine.Livonia and Livonian Order- 204,205, 257-61, 262, 263, 264; see alsoBaltic Germans and Latvia.Loans, Foreign: 355, 398, 399, 357-9,431, 433; Soviet, 376, 384.Lobachevsky: 317.Lomondsov. 345-6.Lublin, union of: 200, 202, 205, 226.Lyeskov. 32, 194, 355.Magnates, see Landowning class;council of, 99-102.Magnitogdrsk. 19, 379.Mdkhno. 233.Manchuria- 55, 301-6, 311-2.Mannerheim. 251, 256.Manufactures: see Industrial developmentMarselis 329.Marx. 58, 118, 342, 351.Masonry: 347-8.Mayakdvsky 315.Maz6pa: 228-9, 263-4.Methodius, St: 174, 178.Metternich: 405, 406, 408-9.Michael, tsar: dates, 447-8; 82-3,189, 206.Milyukdv. 369.Minin. 206.Mining: see Industrial development.Ministries and ministers; 108-9,69, 73; see also ' Colleges ' andBureaucracy.Mir: see Commune.Mogila, Peter: 331.Mdlotov: 66, 67, 253.460
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UNIVERSALLIBRARYOU_214617UNIVERSALL
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SURVEYOFRUSSIAN HISTORYbyB. H. SUMN
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CHAPTERI. THE FRONTIERCONTENTS1. TY
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MAPS1. THE U.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTIO
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Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and
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MAP IU.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTION)West
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half-Russian), the Transcaucasian r
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honey, and wax provided essentials
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called podzol soils, grey sands and
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(I)ST JOHN THE BAPTIST, YAROSLAVL,
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movement of game and fur-bearing an
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By the sixteenth century the scatte
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other natural conditions made agric
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population were relatively free pea
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similar, and for centuries they had
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merchant-adventurers and sea-captai
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Byzantium or eastward into the step
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and external struggles, especially
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and opened the vista of the Volga a
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social conditions in Poland fomente
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followed slowly by the plough, into
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frontier region was less all-pervad
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For long a certain degree of mobili
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gone down river far away south into
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elected but appointed by the war mi
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Cossacks, 'men of service' settled
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sites. Some settled in the old Sibe
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(I)PETER THE GREAT, 1672-1725From t
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contrary it is necessary that there
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(according to the old Russian calen
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even a member of it after 1923. He
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headed first by the moderate libera
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words, "the regime of the dictators
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"the Supreme, Autocratic power belo
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was spoken of as a dress rehearsal.
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The bureaucracy meant the governmen
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the army in decomposition, there wa
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odies, the provincial and municipal
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functions and together with the pol
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Muscovy as the patrimony of the tsa
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his eldest son or, failing sons, to
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and then killed, as being the rally
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officers, but they were educated th
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The Byzantine inheritance is more d
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the necessity for unfettered autocr
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manorial administration of the prin
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the first concern of tsarism and in
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Ivan was a man who did not take ris
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extinguished, largely because after
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een broken down during the two prev
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Similarly, the council of magnates
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portion of his own handiwork in fra
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On the other hand, they could not u
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eigned 1801-25) was part of his gen
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particularly their generals-adjutan
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pleading of which might excite publ
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1793, 1795; Finland, 1721, 1743, 18
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producer and trader in his realm. T
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instituted (1804) a regularly organ
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of agriculture, took on a new form
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inevitably a full-scale revolution
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at a tempo unknown in the modern hi
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election is usually in effect contr
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'and sown grasses, even though cere
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the two had reached most dangerous
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[revolutionary propaganda]," a peas
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institutions were also encouraged,
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though it had been considerably imp
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(iv) Emancipation of the peasants,
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three times deferred or in part can
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in the eighties. It is no wonder th
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The edict of 1762 did not in fact r
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itterly resented. Marriage required
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peoples remained with their own cus
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These last two classes were not fre
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not offer such advantages in the wa
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Direct taxation of various kinds, b
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members of the commune regulated in
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organization continued for long to
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The commune or subdivisions of it,
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the peasantry and of the social his
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in composition, and one of Razin's
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from St Petersburg to impose a sett
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If need be the reigning monarch was
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leaving a chain of fires, but witho
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ST DMITRI, VLADIMIR, 1193-97(a)DYAK
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some support from across the fronti
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traditions and the past, may contri
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and their retainers, but there was
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Becket until Nikon, the Patriarch o
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the peasantry, some of which derive
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the west the Lithuanians—the last
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close and far-reaching as the monas
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" I , John, am tsar and priest, up
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the fact that about fourteen per ce
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though in fact they were a return t
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accentuated their disunion and dimi
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he abolished the patriarchate and r
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patriarchate. Disendowment and dise
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during the partition period (1772-1
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the German Blitzkrieg were promptly
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half Russian or Lithuanian. In this
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The state language (to some extent
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Sigismund III of Poland, on the cre
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in the War of the Polish Succession
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earlier in secret conclave with her
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purveyor of cosmopolitan enlightenm
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under his control the grand-duchy o
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continuously against all his Russia
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and could not be understood by Euro
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The peasantry took little part in t
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3. The Ukrainian QuestionThe major
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It is quite true that Russian histo
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pp. 49-50 and note); but they were
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The main reason why the struggle fo
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for the most part their distinctive
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though divided in their attitude to
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For some ten years Ukrainian Commun
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of all Slav and freedom-loving nati
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Empire (see pp. 178-179), but conne
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These generally conservative direct
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Prior to the Crimean War the Slavop
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and the last a great deal, to pansl
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and her liberation from Turkey. A g
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than Buda-Pest or Vienna. Anti-Germ
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Finns, for about seven centuries wi
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Lenin, ceased to be the capital sin
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y the Red Army, but Estonia, Latvia
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towards the Allies were engendered,
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conquest of Finland by the Swedes;
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Half a century after Ivan the Great
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all Swedes—as has already been ex
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had he succeeded in rallying the ma
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the learning and culture of enlight
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Sweden, and Finland, outside direct
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Swedish navy had reasserted itself
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evolution and Finland, to which the
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was a triumph of French diplomacy,
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Straits become a perpetual plague-s
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diplomatic pressure by Russia. Even
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in St Petersburg of a complete brea
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herself and Turkey alone. Now she a
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the congress the Russian and Britis
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an eventual annexation by her of Bo
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uncoiled, the new regime in Russia
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least definitely hostile. For this
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Armenia and Azerbaidzhan (see map i
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Russians and even imposed a conside
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A new Georgian literature and cultu
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Moscow. A month earlier Georgia had
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War, and the triumph, in company wi
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eing in direct relations with the U
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In that year Far Eastern affairs we
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great, but she still remained in po
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new Soviet state was so exhausted a
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there had previously taken place a
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notable withdrawal, but the governm
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CHAPTER VIITHE WEST1. Russia and Eu
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(I)THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY URALSBogo
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the specifically Russian achievemen
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the West. Such centres were, howeve
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ationalist and scientific thought,
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ight had I," cries Kropotkin in his
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or apathy by the peasants, and the
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had been different again. There had
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messenger sent on a sudden by God t
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mainly because Catholics were synon
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In ' the western lands ' printing,
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(b. 1643, banished to the Arctic 16
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went off as a member of 'the great
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science. He succeeded posthumously
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variable and the use of Russian as
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or (as for instance Osterman in the
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the middle of the eighteenth centur
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to the Academy of Sciences, and he
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from England and Germany. Russian m
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down to the serf's hut. From small
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operating in Russia: a 'free labour
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and by a few large-scale British-Ru
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addition to extremely low purchasin
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cent, was held by foreigners, as co
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of Bastiat and Cobden. There follow
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of Western Art one of the finest co
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imperialism in the Middle and Far E
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section of the town-dwellers, espec
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extent the commune. This helps to a
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pay had been made to it, and it was
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stood for Western democracy of a li
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than any since that of 1891, capped
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(4) There were just enough speciali
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CoalIron ore . . . .Pig-iron . . .
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including agriculture, all transpor
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commitments have been incurred than
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explicitly emphazised as a most imp
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Total populationUrban .Rural .19391
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policy pursued in the ten years bef
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often as not she was one of the dec
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Russia, as the Crimean War gave amp
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country by looting. The Russian arm
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illustrated by the Bavarian success
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the Napoleonic period hgr eastern i
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humbling of their pride and by the
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Niemen. Twelve weeks later Napoleon
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to the invader. He was torn to the
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of European peace might be formed,
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- Page 427 and 428: Europe. Left to himself he would sw
- Page 429 and 430: with the contrast in their own case
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- Page 433 and 434: Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, the capital
- Page 435 and 436: The isolation of Russia after the c
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- Page 439 and 440: e disturbed as to the solidity of t
- Page 441 and 442: championship of the Polish cause we
- Page 443 and 444: and giving it a pro-French orientat
- Page 445 and 446: evivified and extended the alliance
- Page 447 and 448: powers" was not directly affected b
- Page 449 and 450: which was one main reason for the p
- Page 451 and 452: against her, had become impracticab
- Page 453 and 454: against Western imperialism. The el
- Page 455 and 456: fear drove both to combine, loosely
- Page 458 and 459: CHRONOLOGICAL TABLEDates, as elsewh
- Page 460 and 461: 1768-721767-8176417621756-631755175
- Page 462 and 463: 1425-62141014081406-814041399139713
- Page 464 and 465: NOTE ON BOOKSTHE following list of
- Page 466 and 467: Times to the Death of Dostoevsky (1
- Page 468 and 469: Sir Bernard Pares, The Fall of the
- Page 470 and 471: INDEXFor Russian foreign relations
- Page 474 and 475: Monasteries: 27, 48, 177-8, 182-4,1
- Page 476 and 477: Skdbelev: 429.Slaves and slavery: 2