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on the Neva river [in St Petersburg] they arrested methere and they made up a false tale about me and theyforced me to wander over the face of the earth."But after many years in foreign lands Peter returned:"for I wanted to see how the common people were faringand what oppressions they suffered from the officials.''Now he was come into his own again: he would soonjoin his poor son Paul (later emperor, at that time knownby the Ural Cossacks to be on very bad terms with hismother, Catherine); and he would go to Kazan andto Moscow and to Piterburg, and he would sendCatherine to a nunnery or back to her own country;but "if she meets me with bad words, I know alreadywhat to do then."So the maze of rumour and make-believe was spreadabroad from the headquarters of the impostor emperorand his war college, formed in imitation of that inSt Petersburg, and men galloped far and wide over thesteppes bearing his imperial orders and imitation edicts,specially "beautiful and sweet-tongued " for the benefitof the nomad peoples. It mattered not that Pugachovhimself was almost illiterate; that he had with him awife from the Ural Cossacks (and another wife andfamily on the Don); that his closest confederates knewwho he really was and many others suspected. A tsarat the head of rebellion would as it were legitimize it.To an English observer it seemed (1764) that "theinterior state of this country . . . appears ... as onegreat mass of combustibles with incendiaries placedin every corner." Yet, in fact, the incendiaries werenormally so local and disconnected that they could bestamped out by the powers on the spot or small-scalepunitive expeditions. Only in the great revolts thathave just been analysed did it come to the pitch of actualwarfare, even if of a guerrilla kind, and the employmentof regular armies. Against isolated second-rate garrisonposts the rebels were formidable, but against reliabletroops they had no chance, for they were for the most partmiserably armed (save for captured guns), usually short ofhorses, and very deficient in co-ordinated organizationand discipline. They were generally always on the move,
leaving a chain of fires, but without a solid furnace.Localism even in the case of the great revolts was aprimary cause of failure. Most of the rebel bands wouldoperate only in a comparatively small area. The largestof them at any one time were 15,000 to 20,000 strong,but their numbers ebbed and flowed with the utmostrapidity. Above all, none of the revolts, with the partialexception of that of Bolotnikov, succeeded in gaining ahold in the centre of serfdom and governmental power.170
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UNIVERSALLIBRARYOU_214617UNIVERSALL
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SURVEYOFRUSSIAN HISTORYbyB. H. SUMN
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CHAPTERI. THE FRONTIERCONTENTS1. TY
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MAPS1. THE U.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTIO
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Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and
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MAP IU.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTION)West
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half-Russian), the Transcaucasian r
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honey, and wax provided essentials
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called podzol soils, grey sands and
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(I)ST JOHN THE BAPTIST, YAROSLAVL,
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movement of game and fur-bearing an
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By the sixteenth century the scatte
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other natural conditions made agric
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population were relatively free pea
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similar, and for centuries they had
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merchant-adventurers and sea-captai
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Byzantium or eastward into the step
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and external struggles, especially
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and opened the vista of the Volga a
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social conditions in Poland fomente
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followed slowly by the plough, into
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frontier region was less all-pervad
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For long a certain degree of mobili
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gone down river far away south into
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elected but appointed by the war mi
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Cossacks, 'men of service' settled
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sites. Some settled in the old Sibe
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(I)PETER THE GREAT, 1672-1725From t
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contrary it is necessary that there
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(according to the old Russian calen
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even a member of it after 1923. He
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headed first by the moderate libera
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words, "the regime of the dictators
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"the Supreme, Autocratic power belo
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was spoken of as a dress rehearsal.
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The bureaucracy meant the governmen
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the army in decomposition, there wa
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odies, the provincial and municipal
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functions and together with the pol
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Muscovy as the patrimony of the tsa
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his eldest son or, failing sons, to
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and then killed, as being the rally
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officers, but they were educated th
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The Byzantine inheritance is more d
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the necessity for unfettered autocr
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manorial administration of the prin
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the first concern of tsarism and in
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Ivan was a man who did not take ris
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extinguished, largely because after
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een broken down during the two prev
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Similarly, the council of magnates
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portion of his own handiwork in fra
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On the other hand, they could not u
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eigned 1801-25) was part of his gen
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particularly their generals-adjutan
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pleading of which might excite publ
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1793, 1795; Finland, 1721, 1743, 18
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producer and trader in his realm. T
Page 127 and 128: instituted (1804) a regularly organ
Page 129 and 130: of agriculture, took on a new form
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Page 133 and 134: at a tempo unknown in the modern hi
Page 135 and 136: election is usually in effect contr
Page 137 and 138: 'and sown grasses, even though cere
Page 139 and 140: the two had reached most dangerous
Page 141 and 142: [revolutionary propaganda]," a peas
Page 143 and 144: institutions were also encouraged,
Page 145 and 146: though it had been considerably imp
Page 147 and 148: (iv) Emancipation of the peasants,
Page 149 and 150: three times deferred or in part can
Page 151 and 152: in the eighties. It is no wonder th
Page 153 and 154: The edict of 1762 did not in fact r
Page 155 and 156: itterly resented. Marriage required
Page 157 and 158: peoples remained with their own cus
Page 159 and 160: These last two classes were not fre
Page 161 and 162: not offer such advantages in the wa
Page 163 and 164: Direct taxation of various kinds, b
Page 165 and 166: members of the commune regulated in
Page 167 and 168: organization continued for long to
Page 169 and 170: The commune or subdivisions of it,
Page 171 and 172: the peasantry and of the social his
Page 173 and 174: in composition, and one of Razin's
Page 175 and 176: from St Petersburg to impose a sett
Page 177: If need be the reigning monarch was
Page 181 and 182: ST DMITRI, VLADIMIR, 1193-97(a)DYAK
Page 183 and 184: some support from across the fronti
Page 185 and 186: traditions and the past, may contri
Page 187 and 188: and their retainers, but there was
Page 189 and 190: Becket until Nikon, the Patriarch o
Page 191 and 192: the peasantry, some of which derive
Page 193 and 194: the west the Lithuanians—the last
Page 195 and 196: close and far-reaching as the monas
Page 197 and 198: " I , John, am tsar and priest, up
Page 199 and 200: the fact that about fourteen per ce
Page 201 and 202: though in fact they were a return t
Page 203 and 204: accentuated their disunion and dimi
Page 205 and 206: he abolished the patriarchate and r
Page 207 and 208: patriarchate. Disendowment and dise
Page 209 and 210: during the partition period (1772-1
Page 211 and 212: the German Blitzkrieg were promptly
Page 213 and 214: half Russian or Lithuanian. In this
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Page 217 and 218: Sigismund III of Poland, on the cre
Page 219 and 220: in the War of the Polish Succession
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Page 225 and 226: under his control the grand-duchy o
Page 227 and 228: continuously against all his Russia
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and could not be understood by Euro
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The peasantry took little part in t
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3. The Ukrainian QuestionThe major
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It is quite true that Russian histo
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pp. 49-50 and note); but they were
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The main reason why the struggle fo
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for the most part their distinctive
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though divided in their attitude to
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For some ten years Ukrainian Commun
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of all Slav and freedom-loving nati
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Empire (see pp. 178-179), but conne
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These generally conservative direct
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Prior to the Crimean War the Slavop
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and the last a great deal, to pansl
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and her liberation from Turkey. A g
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than Buda-Pest or Vienna. Anti-Germ
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Finns, for about seven centuries wi
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Lenin, ceased to be the capital sin
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y the Red Army, but Estonia, Latvia
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towards the Allies were engendered,
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conquest of Finland by the Swedes;
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Half a century after Ivan the Great
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all Swedes—as has already been ex
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had he succeeded in rallying the ma
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the learning and culture of enlight
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Sweden, and Finland, outside direct
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Swedish navy had reasserted itself
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evolution and Finland, to which the
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was a triumph of French diplomacy,
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Straits become a perpetual plague-s
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diplomatic pressure by Russia. Even
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in St Petersburg of a complete brea
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herself and Turkey alone. Now she a
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the congress the Russian and Britis
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an eventual annexation by her of Bo
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uncoiled, the new regime in Russia
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least definitely hostile. For this
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Armenia and Azerbaidzhan (see map i
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Russians and even imposed a conside
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A new Georgian literature and cultu
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Moscow. A month earlier Georgia had
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War, and the triumph, in company wi
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eing in direct relations with the U
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In that year Far Eastern affairs we
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great, but she still remained in po
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new Soviet state was so exhausted a
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there had previously taken place a
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notable withdrawal, but the governm
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CHAPTER VIITHE WEST1. Russia and Eu
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(I)THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY URALSBogo
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the specifically Russian achievemen
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the West. Such centres were, howeve
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ationalist and scientific thought,
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ight had I," cries Kropotkin in his
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or apathy by the peasants, and the
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had been different again. There had
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messenger sent on a sudden by God t
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mainly because Catholics were synon
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In ' the western lands ' printing,
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(b. 1643, banished to the Arctic 16
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went off as a member of 'the great
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science. He succeeded posthumously
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variable and the use of Russian as
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or (as for instance Osterman in the
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the middle of the eighteenth centur
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to the Academy of Sciences, and he
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from England and Germany. Russian m
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down to the serf's hut. From small
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operating in Russia: a 'free labour
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and by a few large-scale British-Ru
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addition to extremely low purchasin
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cent, was held by foreigners, as co
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of Bastiat and Cobden. There follow
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of Western Art one of the finest co
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imperialism in the Middle and Far E
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section of the town-dwellers, espec
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extent the commune. This helps to a
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pay had been made to it, and it was
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stood for Western democracy of a li
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than any since that of 1891, capped
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(4) There were just enough speciali
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CoalIron ore . . . .Pig-iron . . .
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including agriculture, all transpor
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commitments have been incurred than
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explicitly emphazised as a most imp
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Total populationUrban .Rural .19391
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policy pursued in the ten years bef
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often as not she was one of the dec
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Russia, as the Crimean War gave amp
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country by looting. The Russian arm
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illustrated by the Bavarian success
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the Napoleonic period hgr eastern i
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humbling of their pride and by the
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Niemen. Twelve weeks later Napoleon
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to the invader. He was torn to the
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of European peace might be formed,
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and the French, followed by war wit
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could to rebuild the rampart, to re
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of the Holy Alliance. There were, i
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Europe. Left to himself he would sw
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with the contrast in their own case
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agreed that Russia could not fight,
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Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, the capital
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The isolation of Russia after the c
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only if Germany were not the attack
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e disturbed as to the solidity of t
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championship of the Polish cause we
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and giving it a pro-French orientat
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evivified and extended the alliance
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powers" was not directly affected b
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which was one main reason for the p
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against her, had become impracticab
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against Western imperialism. The el
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fear drove both to combine, loosely
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CHRONOLOGICAL TABLEDates, as elsewh
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1768-721767-8176417621756-631755175
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1425-62141014081406-814041399139713
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NOTE ON BOOKSTHE following list of
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Times to the Death of Dostoevsky (1
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Sir Bernard Pares, The Fall of the
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INDEXFor Russian foreign relations
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Factory workers: see Industrial dev
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Monasteries: 27, 48, 177-8, 182-4,1
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Skdbelev: 429.Slaves and slavery: 2
show all

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