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Skdbelev: 429.Slaves and slavery: 24, 149, 152.Slavophils: 195,241-2,320; see alsoPanslavs.Slob6dskaya Ukraine: 45-6, 227, 331.Smith, Adam: 348.Smolensk: 24, 203, 205, 206, 209.SolovStsky monastery: 27, 447.Sophia, regent: 83, 333~4-Sdrsky, Nil: 186-7.Soviet Union: books on, 455-6;population and output tables, 390,386, 378, 382-3; political divisions,9-11; peoples, 11-16; OctoberRevolution, 314-6 (see also CivilWar and Allied Intervention);internal political development, 57-67; New Economic Policy, 128-30,374-7; agriculture, 123-30; fiveyearplans, 317, 377-89; industry,375, 377-9, 382-8; foreign trade,250, 385, 388; railways, 312, 361,387; education, 123, 340, 385,455; religion, 171-4, 196; Ukraine,225, 232-5, 387; Caucasus, 297-8;Central Asia, 298, 386-7; Far East,56, 298, 300, 306-13, 387; Turkey,172, 287-90, 297; the Baltic, 249-56,272; Poland, 197-200; Germany,198-200, 251-6, 443.Sperdnsky: 79, 110, 399Stalin: 60, 61-2, 127, 129, 199, 296,310, 343, 377, 381, 455-Stalingrad (Tsaritsyn). 40, 41.Stephen of Perm: 184.Stolypin: 69, 108, 132-3, 285.Straits and Constantinople: 274-90,427, 436-8, 441Stratford Canning: 412, 414.Streltsy: 83, 333Str6ganov: 27, 29.Studius, monastery of: 177, 184.SuvcSrov 67, 210, 274, 397.Svyatoslav: 35, 450.Sweden (see also Varangians) up to1500, 27, 258-9; 1500-1700, 260-2;and Peter the Great, 262-5, 268;1725-1815, 84, 268-70, 392; since1815, 270-2, 255, 427.'Table of Ranks': 106.Tannenberg: (1410), 204, 259; (1914)433.Tariffs. 359-60.Tatars: influence on Russia, 37-8, 81,90-2; see also Golden Horde,Kazan, Crimea and Azerbaidzhan.Terek: 52, 290, 291.Teutonic Knights: 257, 259, 204.Tikhon Zad6nsky: 195.Time of Troubles: dates, 448; 79-80,82-3, 151-2, 206, 261, 328.Timoshcmko: 235.Timur the Lame. 38-9.Tolstoy: 52, 144, 244, 294, 322, 344,402, 403.Tolstoy, Alexis: 330, 443.Trade see Foreign trade.Trade Unions. 366-7.Transcaucasia. 10, 16, 282, 288,290-8.Trans-Siberian Railway: 55, 56, 300-2, 305, 312.Treaties:Adnanople, 276, 279, 281, 408.Berlin, 245, 283-4, 416.Bjorko, 425.Brest-Litovsk, 64, 232, 251.Kuchuk-Kainardji, 238, 276.Lausanne, 288.London (1840), 281-2.London (1871), 283.Montreux, 289.Munchengratz, 408-9.Nerchinsk, 30.Nystad, 265Pans (1856), 282, 271,Portsmouth, 305.Reinsurance, 423-4.San Stefano, 245, 283.Shimonoseki, 302.Tilsit, 270, 398.Unkiar-Skelessi, 280-1.Troitsko-Sergigvsky monastery: 184.Trotsky: 60, 61, 63, 310, 455.Tsaritsyn (Stihngrad). 40, 41.Tsushima: 303, 305, 436.Turgenev 20, 144, 321, 323.Turkey: see Ottoman empire.Ukrainians and the Ukraine (see alsoCossacks, Little Russia and SlobodskayaUkraine): general, 222-5,453; population, 45, 229, 233,234-5; cultural influences onMuscovy, 331-2, 335; up to 1600,202, 203, 205, 222; 1600-1709,206, 225-9, 262, 263-4; J709-1917, 45-7, 146, 194, 209, 211, 212,229-31, 363-4; since 1917, 66, 200,202, 225, 231-5, 387.Umats: 185, 195,204,209,212, 218,221, 195.USSR., see Soviet Union.United States: see America.Universities: 337-9, 342, 447.Urals: 26, 27; mining and industry,18, 19, 41, 353; serfdom in, 147;and Pugachov, 162, 164, 166;Soviet, 379, 386.463
Varangians: 24, 35, 256-7, 450, 453-Vfborg: 258,264,265; 1939-40, 255,256.Vilna: 202, 212, 213, 332; since 1920,199, 200, 252, 254.Vinnius: 329.Vladimir, grand-prince: 175, 450, 90.Vladivostok: 33, 299-301, 303, 306,311.Volga Bulgars: 23, 35, 40, 181.Volga Germans' 41.Voltaire: 79, 344, 346.' War Communism' 374, 128.Wars (see also Civil War 1918-20 andTime of Troubles).1939- , 197, 199, 235, 237, 289,313, 253-4, 256, 315, 389, 443.1914-17, 70-1, 221, 278, 286-7,306, 250, 371, 433Balkan (1912-13), 248, 418Crimean, 412-5, 140, 218, 240,271, 282, 294, 299.Great Northern, 262-5, 207, 228-9Japanese, 304-5, 436, 432, 439.Livonian, 205, 260-1Napoleonic, 397-8; 1812, 401-4,214, 349.Polish Succession, 208, 392.Seven Years, 393-5, 208.Soviet-Finnish, 255-6.Soviet-Polish, 198, 233.Turkish, 209, 238, 273-5, 277-9,282, 283, 286-7, 290, 292, 397,407-8.Warsaw, grand-duchy of: 214, 401.White Russians and White Russia:10, 16, 200, 202, 203-4, 209, 212,222.White Sea: 26-8, 249, 260.Wielopdlski: 218.William II, Emperor: 419, 424, 425,426.Witte: 68, 120, 121, 357, 361; andFar East, 301-4.Yaroslavl 28, 448, 450.Yermdk: 29.Zaporozhian Cossacks: see Cossacks.Zemsky Sobor. 80-3.Zemstva. 77-8.Zhdanov. 252, 253.Zhukov: 312.Zoe Palaeologus. 87, 90, 327.464
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UNIVERSALLIBRARYOU_214617UNIVERSALL
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SURVEYOFRUSSIAN HISTORYbyB. H. SUMN
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CHAPTERI. THE FRONTIERCONTENTS1. TY
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MAPS1. THE U.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTIO
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Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and
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MAP IU.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTION)West
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half-Russian), the Transcaucasian r
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honey, and wax provided essentials
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called podzol soils, grey sands and
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(I)ST JOHN THE BAPTIST, YAROSLAVL,
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movement of game and fur-bearing an
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By the sixteenth century the scatte
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other natural conditions made agric
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population were relatively free pea
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similar, and for centuries they had
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merchant-adventurers and sea-captai
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Byzantium or eastward into the step
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and external struggles, especially
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and opened the vista of the Volga a
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social conditions in Poland fomente
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followed slowly by the plough, into
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frontier region was less all-pervad
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For long a certain degree of mobili
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gone down river far away south into
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elected but appointed by the war mi
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Cossacks, 'men of service' settled
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sites. Some settled in the old Sibe
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(I)PETER THE GREAT, 1672-1725From t
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contrary it is necessary that there
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(according to the old Russian calen
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even a member of it after 1923. He
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headed first by the moderate libera
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words, "the regime of the dictators
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"the Supreme, Autocratic power belo
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was spoken of as a dress rehearsal.
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The bureaucracy meant the governmen
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the army in decomposition, there wa
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odies, the provincial and municipal
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functions and together with the pol
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Muscovy as the patrimony of the tsa
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his eldest son or, failing sons, to
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and then killed, as being the rally
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officers, but they were educated th
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The Byzantine inheritance is more d
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the necessity for unfettered autocr
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manorial administration of the prin
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the first concern of tsarism and in
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Ivan was a man who did not take ris
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extinguished, largely because after
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een broken down during the two prev
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Similarly, the council of magnates
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portion of his own handiwork in fra
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On the other hand, they could not u
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eigned 1801-25) was part of his gen
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particularly their generals-adjutan
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pleading of which might excite publ
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1793, 1795; Finland, 1721, 1743, 18
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producer and trader in his realm. T
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instituted (1804) a regularly organ
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of agriculture, took on a new form
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inevitably a full-scale revolution
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at a tempo unknown in the modern hi
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election is usually in effect contr
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'and sown grasses, even though cere
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the two had reached most dangerous
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[revolutionary propaganda]," a peas
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institutions were also encouraged,
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though it had been considerably imp
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(iv) Emancipation of the peasants,
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three times deferred or in part can
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in the eighties. It is no wonder th
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The edict of 1762 did not in fact r
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itterly resented. Marriage required
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peoples remained with their own cus
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These last two classes were not fre
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not offer such advantages in the wa
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Direct taxation of various kinds, b
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members of the commune regulated in
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organization continued for long to
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The commune or subdivisions of it,
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the peasantry and of the social his
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in composition, and one of Razin's
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from St Petersburg to impose a sett
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If need be the reigning monarch was
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leaving a chain of fires, but witho
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ST DMITRI, VLADIMIR, 1193-97(a)DYAK
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some support from across the fronti
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traditions and the past, may contri
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and their retainers, but there was
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Becket until Nikon, the Patriarch o
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the peasantry, some of which derive
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the west the Lithuanians—the last
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close and far-reaching as the monas
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" I , John, am tsar and priest, up
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the fact that about fourteen per ce
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though in fact they were a return t
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accentuated their disunion and dimi
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he abolished the patriarchate and r
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patriarchate. Disendowment and dise
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during the partition period (1772-1
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the German Blitzkrieg were promptly
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half Russian or Lithuanian. In this
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The state language (to some extent
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Sigismund III of Poland, on the cre
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in the War of the Polish Succession
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earlier in secret conclave with her
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purveyor of cosmopolitan enlightenm
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under his control the grand-duchy o
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continuously against all his Russia
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and could not be understood by Euro
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The peasantry took little part in t
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3. The Ukrainian QuestionThe major
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It is quite true that Russian histo
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pp. 49-50 and note); but they were
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The main reason why the struggle fo
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for the most part their distinctive
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though divided in their attitude to
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For some ten years Ukrainian Commun
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of all Slav and freedom-loving nati
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Empire (see pp. 178-179), but conne
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These generally conservative direct
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Prior to the Crimean War the Slavop
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and the last a great deal, to pansl
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and her liberation from Turkey. A g
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than Buda-Pest or Vienna. Anti-Germ
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Finns, for about seven centuries wi
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Lenin, ceased to be the capital sin
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y the Red Army, but Estonia, Latvia
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towards the Allies were engendered,
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conquest of Finland by the Swedes;
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Half a century after Ivan the Great
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all Swedes—as has already been ex
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had he succeeded in rallying the ma
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the learning and culture of enlight
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Sweden, and Finland, outside direct
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Swedish navy had reasserted itself
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evolution and Finland, to which the
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was a triumph of French diplomacy,
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Straits become a perpetual plague-s
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diplomatic pressure by Russia. Even
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in St Petersburg of a complete brea
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herself and Turkey alone. Now she a
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the congress the Russian and Britis
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an eventual annexation by her of Bo
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uncoiled, the new regime in Russia
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least definitely hostile. For this
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Armenia and Azerbaidzhan (see map i
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Russians and even imposed a conside
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A new Georgian literature and cultu
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Moscow. A month earlier Georgia had
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War, and the triumph, in company wi
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eing in direct relations with the U
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In that year Far Eastern affairs we
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great, but she still remained in po
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new Soviet state was so exhausted a
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there had previously taken place a
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notable withdrawal, but the governm
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CHAPTER VIITHE WEST1. Russia and Eu
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(I)THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY URALSBogo
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the specifically Russian achievemen
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the West. Such centres were, howeve
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ationalist and scientific thought,
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ight had I," cries Kropotkin in his
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or apathy by the peasants, and the
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had been different again. There had
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messenger sent on a sudden by God t
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mainly because Catholics were synon
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In ' the western lands ' printing,
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(b. 1643, banished to the Arctic 16
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went off as a member of 'the great
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science. He succeeded posthumously
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variable and the use of Russian as
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or (as for instance Osterman in the
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the middle of the eighteenth centur
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to the Academy of Sciences, and he
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from England and Germany. Russian m
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down to the serf's hut. From small
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operating in Russia: a 'free labour
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and by a few large-scale British-Ru
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addition to extremely low purchasin
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cent, was held by foreigners, as co
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of Bastiat and Cobden. There follow
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of Western Art one of the finest co
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imperialism in the Middle and Far E
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section of the town-dwellers, espec
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extent the commune. This helps to a
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pay had been made to it, and it was
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stood for Western democracy of a li
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than any since that of 1891, capped
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(4) There were just enough speciali
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CoalIron ore . . . .Pig-iron . . .
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including agriculture, all transpor
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commitments have been incurred than
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explicitly emphazised as a most imp
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Total populationUrban .Rural .19391
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policy pursued in the ten years bef
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often as not she was one of the dec
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Russia, as the Crimean War gave amp
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country by looting. The Russian arm
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illustrated by the Bavarian success
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the Napoleonic period hgr eastern i
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humbling of their pride and by the
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Niemen. Twelve weeks later Napoleon
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to the invader. He was torn to the
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of European peace might be formed,
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and the French, followed by war wit
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could to rebuild the rampart, to re
Page 425 and 426: of the Holy Alliance. There were, i
Page 427 and 428: Europe. Left to himself he would sw
Page 429 and 430: with the contrast in their own case
Page 431 and 432: agreed that Russia could not fight,
Page 433 and 434: Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, the capital
Page 435 and 436: The isolation of Russia after the c
Page 437 and 438: only if Germany were not the attack
Page 439 and 440: e disturbed as to the solidity of t
Page 441 and 442: championship of the Polish cause we
Page 443 and 444: and giving it a pro-French orientat
Page 445 and 446: evivified and extended the alliance
Page 447 and 448: powers" was not directly affected b
Page 449 and 450: which was one main reason for the p
Page 451 and 452: against her, had become impracticab
Page 453 and 454: against Western imperialism. The el
Page 455 and 456: fear drove both to combine, loosely
Page 458 and 459: CHRONOLOGICAL TABLEDates, as elsewh
Page 460 and 461: 1768-721767-8176417621756-631755175
Page 462 and 463: 1425-62141014081406-814041399139713
Page 464 and 465: NOTE ON BOOKSTHE following list of
Page 466 and 467: Times to the Death of Dostoevsky (1
Page 468 and 469: Sir Bernard Pares, The Fall of the
Page 470 and 471: INDEXFor Russian foreign relations
Page 472 and 473: Factory workers: see Industrial dev
Page 474 and 475: Monasteries: 27, 48, 177-8, 182-4,1
show all

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