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and the French, followed by war with the Turks alone(1828-29). By the treaty of Adrianople he imposed hisown settlement on the Turks, except as regards the Greekquestion. On that he was still ready to co-operate withEngland and France. But with Metternich he hadremained throughout on the coldest terms. The divergenceof Russia and Austria on the Near Eastern questionhad for the time being destroyed the Holy Alliance.Russia and Austria had rarely been further apart than in1830, when revolution again shook Europe.The result of the 1830 revolutions was to draw Russia,Austria, and Prussia together into what was tantamount toa new edition of the Holy Alliance. Nicholas from thefirst breathed fire and slaughter against "l'infame revolutionde juillet." The revolution in Belgium immediatelyconfirmed him in his detestation of France as the fountainheadof aggression and danger. He never ceased to revileand contemn Louis Philippe and his regime. But he hadvery little backing at home for his initial bellicose schemesin support of King William of Holland, whose son andheir was married to his sister Anna. In November 1830the Polish revolt broke out, and therewith any chancesof successful Russian intervention in the West weredestroyed. England and France decided the issue ofBelgium, and Nicholas was reduced to a long, twisting,diplomatic rearguard action.Poland antagonized Nicholas and Russia the moreagainst France and England, where sympathy for thePolish cause was vociferous. In contrast, Poland unitedthe three eastern powers. Austria and, in particular,Prussia took almost all the desired steps to assist Russiain defeating the Poles, and the three powers boundthemselves (1833) to closely concerted action on Polishaffairs for the future. Cracow, it was agreed (1835),must be suppressed, and in 1846 it was annexed to Austria(cf. p. 214).Disturbances in Germany and risings in Italy, wherethe intervention of France challenged that of Austria,drove Metternich closer to Nicholas. At Munchengratzand four other meetings (1833-35) the three easternpowers bound themselves to mutual aid in support of408