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The peasantry took little part in the 1830 rebellion andon the whole a secondary part in 1863, though therevolutionary government did then, in contrast with1830, make far-reaching promises to them. As anoffset to these and a pendant to the emancipation ofthe serfs in Russia, the Russian government enacted aland law (1864) in 'Congress Poland' directed againstthe Polish landowners, whereby the peasantry receivedabout four times as much land as the Russian in thecentral Russian lands and under very much easierconditions.' The small, but growing, Polish professional and smallbourgeois class supplied together with the lesser gentrythe driving force of the 1863 rebellion, whereas in thatof 1830 they had been subordinate to the nobility andbigger landowners. After 1863, again in contrast with1830, there was no large emigration, and the Polish (andJewish) urban working class and professional middle classincreased steadily with the industrial development (mainlytextiles and coal) of 'Congress Poland.' This wasfavoured by the abolition in 1851 of the customs frontierbetween it and Russia and the consequent opening of thelarge Russian market to Polish manufactures. At thesame time there was a wide opening in Russia for Polishskill in railway building, engineering, and other professions.All this was the economic basis for the post-1863 generation of so-called 'organic work' or 'Warsawpositivism' in contrast with the previous generation ofmilitant nationalism and messianic romanticism typifiedby the great triad of emigres patriot poets, Mickiewicz,Krasiriski, and Stowacki.By 1900 resigned caution and economic bettermentno longer sufficed for the younger generation, but boththe National-Democrat party which grew up under theleadership of Dmowski and the much smaller and dividedsocialist groups were strongly influenced, in different ways,by the change in the economic structure of Poland andits very close economic ties with Russia. Further, theincreasingly anti-Polish policy of Germany in her Polishlands, especially in the form of their colonization byGermans (a policy never attempted by Russia in her22a