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partly owing to deportations and high death rate, partlyto migration to industry and elsewhere; and therewas perhaps a diminution even in the total populationof the republic in 1939 (31,000,000) as compared with1933.However ruthless and uprooting the revolution hasbeen in the Ukraine during the last dozen years, it doesnot seem to have engendered a separatist nationalismin reaction to it. Ukrainian cultural activities and theuse of Ukrainian have continued to be encouraged, if inrevised forms. The incorporation of the Ukrainians ofeastern Poland and Roumania in the Ukrainian S.S.R.in 1939-40 was hailed as the reunion of blood-brothersand the accomplishment of Ukrainian unity. Ukrainiansare as numerous in the Communist party proportionatelyas the other Soviet peoples: they have supplied conspicuousleaders to the Red Army, headed by MarshalTimoshenko: Soviet patriotism has been spread amongstthem, recalling the exploits both of their BohdanKhmelnitsky and of their guerrillas against the Germanoppressor in 1918. The second German conquest hasnot brought in its wake any puppet Ukrainian administrationor any apparent revulsion against the long andclose intermixture with the rest of Russia or the sharingin the destiny of the Soviet Union. Revulsion there isin plenty—against the brutal exponents of the Nazi'new order.'4. PanslavismTo-day, more openly than ever before, Germanydeclares herself the enemy of the Slav peoples, at theirthroats in immense contest on the Russian battlegroundor trampling on the bodies and souls of the ' sub-human'slave folk in the occupied territories. To-day, as inthe First World War, Polish, Czech, and Jugoslavcontingents are joined in arms with the Russians incommon struggle against the German and the Magyar.In August 1941, in 1942, and again in 1943, all-Slavconferences met in Moscow to denounce "the Fascistenslavers" and to declare "the historic mission'' of thegreat Russian people "in the gigantic and heroic struggle235