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(I)(2)From the painting by KIPRENSKY, 1827[Oxford University PressTOLSTOY, 1828-1910From the painting by REPIN, 1887[To face page 314
(I)THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY URALSBogoslovsky Copper Refinery, founded 1771From a late eighteenth-century engravingTHE TWENTIETH-CENTURY URALSBlast Furnaces at Magnitogorsk, founded 1929Population, 1939, 145,000[Society for Cultural Relations with Soviet Union[To face page 315
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UNIVERSALLIBRARYOU_214617UNIVERSALL
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SURVEYOFRUSSIAN HISTORYbyB. H. SUMN
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CHAPTERI. THE FRONTIERCONTENTS1. TY
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MAPS1. THE U.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTIO
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Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and
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MAP IU.S.S.R. (WESTERN PORTION)West
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half-Russian), the Transcaucasian r
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honey, and wax provided essentials
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called podzol soils, grey sands and
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(I)ST JOHN THE BAPTIST, YAROSLAVL,
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movement of game and fur-bearing an
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By the sixteenth century the scatte
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other natural conditions made agric
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population were relatively free pea
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similar, and for centuries they had
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merchant-adventurers and sea-captai
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Byzantium or eastward into the step
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and external struggles, especially
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and opened the vista of the Volga a
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social conditions in Poland fomente
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followed slowly by the plough, into
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frontier region was less all-pervad
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For long a certain degree of mobili
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gone down river far away south into
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elected but appointed by the war mi
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Cossacks, 'men of service' settled
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sites. Some settled in the old Sibe
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(I)PETER THE GREAT, 1672-1725From t
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contrary it is necessary that there
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(according to the old Russian calen
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even a member of it after 1923. He
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headed first by the moderate libera
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words, "the regime of the dictators
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"the Supreme, Autocratic power belo
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was spoken of as a dress rehearsal.
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The bureaucracy meant the governmen
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the army in decomposition, there wa
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odies, the provincial and municipal
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functions and together with the pol
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Muscovy as the patrimony of the tsa
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his eldest son or, failing sons, to
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and then killed, as being the rally
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officers, but they were educated th
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The Byzantine inheritance is more d
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the necessity for unfettered autocr
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manorial administration of the prin
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the first concern of tsarism and in
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Ivan was a man who did not take ris
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extinguished, largely because after
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een broken down during the two prev
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Similarly, the council of magnates
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portion of his own handiwork in fra
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On the other hand, they could not u
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eigned 1801-25) was part of his gen
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particularly their generals-adjutan
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pleading of which might excite publ
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1793, 1795; Finland, 1721, 1743, 18
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producer and trader in his realm. T
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instituted (1804) a regularly organ
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of agriculture, took on a new form
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inevitably a full-scale revolution
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at a tempo unknown in the modern hi
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election is usually in effect contr
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'and sown grasses, even though cere
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the two had reached most dangerous
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[revolutionary propaganda]," a peas
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institutions were also encouraged,
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though it had been considerably imp
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(iv) Emancipation of the peasants,
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three times deferred or in part can
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in the eighties. It is no wonder th
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The edict of 1762 did not in fact r
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itterly resented. Marriage required
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peoples remained with their own cus
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These last two classes were not fre
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not offer such advantages in the wa
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Direct taxation of various kinds, b
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members of the commune regulated in
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organization continued for long to
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The commune or subdivisions of it,
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the peasantry and of the social his
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in composition, and one of Razin's
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from St Petersburg to impose a sett
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If need be the reigning monarch was
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leaving a chain of fires, but witho
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ST DMITRI, VLADIMIR, 1193-97(a)DYAK
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some support from across the fronti
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traditions and the past, may contri
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and their retainers, but there was
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Becket until Nikon, the Patriarch o
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the peasantry, some of which derive
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the west the Lithuanians—the last
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close and far-reaching as the monas
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" I , John, am tsar and priest, up
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the fact that about fourteen per ce
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though in fact they were a return t
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accentuated their disunion and dimi
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he abolished the patriarchate and r
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patriarchate. Disendowment and dise
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during the partition period (1772-1
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the German Blitzkrieg were promptly
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half Russian or Lithuanian. In this
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The state language (to some extent
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Sigismund III of Poland, on the cre
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in the War of the Polish Succession
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earlier in secret conclave with her
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purveyor of cosmopolitan enlightenm
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under his control the grand-duchy o
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continuously against all his Russia
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and could not be understood by Euro
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The peasantry took little part in t
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3. The Ukrainian QuestionThe major
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It is quite true that Russian histo
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pp. 49-50 and note); but they were
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The main reason why the struggle fo
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for the most part their distinctive
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though divided in their attitude to
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For some ten years Ukrainian Commun
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of all Slav and freedom-loving nati
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Empire (see pp. 178-179), but conne
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These generally conservative direct
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Prior to the Crimean War the Slavop
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and the last a great deal, to pansl
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and her liberation from Turkey. A g
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than Buda-Pest or Vienna. Anti-Germ
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Finns, for about seven centuries wi
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Lenin, ceased to be the capital sin
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y the Red Army, but Estonia, Latvia
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towards the Allies were engendered,
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conquest of Finland by the Swedes;
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Half a century after Ivan the Great
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all Swedes—as has already been ex
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Page 279 and 280: Sweden, and Finland, outside direct
Page 281 and 282: Swedish navy had reasserted itself
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Page 289 and 290: diplomatic pressure by Russia. Even
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Page 297 and 298: an eventual annexation by her of Bo
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Page 301 and 302: least definitely hostile. For this
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Page 305 and 306: Russians and even imposed a conside
Page 307 and 308: A new Georgian literature and cultu
Page 309 and 310: Moscow. A month earlier Georgia had
Page 311 and 312: War, and the triumph, in company wi
Page 313 and 314: eing in direct relations with the U
Page 315 and 316: In that year Far Eastern affairs we
Page 317 and 318: great, but she still remained in po
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Page 325: CHAPTER VIITHE WEST1. Russia and Eu
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Page 331 and 332: the West. Such centres were, howeve
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Page 337 and 338: or apathy by the peasants, and the
Page 339 and 340: had been different again. There had
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Page 343 and 344: mainly because Catholics were synon
Page 345 and 346: In ' the western lands ' printing,
Page 347 and 348: (b. 1643, banished to the Arctic 16
Page 349 and 350: went off as a member of 'the great
Page 351 and 352: science. He succeeded posthumously
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Page 359 and 360: to the Academy of Sciences, and he
Page 361 and 362: from England and Germany. Russian m
Page 363 and 364: down to the serf's hut. From small
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Page 369 and 370: addition to extremely low purchasin
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Page 373 and 374: of Bastiat and Cobden. There follow
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imperialism in the Middle and Far E
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section of the town-dwellers, espec
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extent the commune. This helps to a
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pay had been made to it, and it was
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stood for Western democracy of a li
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than any since that of 1891, capped
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(4) There were just enough speciali
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CoalIron ore . . . .Pig-iron . . .
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including agriculture, all transpor
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commitments have been incurred than
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explicitly emphazised as a most imp
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Total populationUrban .Rural .19391
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policy pursued in the ten years bef
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often as not she was one of the dec
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Russia, as the Crimean War gave amp
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country by looting. The Russian arm
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illustrated by the Bavarian success
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the Napoleonic period hgr eastern i
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humbling of their pride and by the
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Niemen. Twelve weeks later Napoleon
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to the invader. He was torn to the
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of European peace might be formed,
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and the French, followed by war wit
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could to rebuild the rampart, to re
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of the Holy Alliance. There were, i
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Europe. Left to himself he would sw
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with the contrast in their own case
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agreed that Russia could not fight,
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Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, the capital
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The isolation of Russia after the c
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only if Germany were not the attack
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e disturbed as to the solidity of t
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championship of the Polish cause we
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and giving it a pro-French orientat
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evivified and extended the alliance
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powers" was not directly affected b
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which was one main reason for the p
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against her, had become impracticab
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against Western imperialism. The el
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fear drove both to combine, loosely
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CHRONOLOGICAL TABLEDates, as elsewh
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1768-721767-8176417621756-631755175
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1425-62141014081406-814041399139713
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NOTE ON BOOKSTHE following list of
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Times to the Death of Dostoevsky (1
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Sir Bernard Pares, The Fall of the
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INDEXFor Russian foreign relations
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Factory workers: see Industrial dev
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Monasteries: 27, 48, 177-8, 182-4,1
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Skdbelev: 429.Slaves and slavery: 2
show all

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