- Page 6: SURVEYOFRUSSIAN HISTORY
- Page 9 and 10: First published January 1944Second
- Page 11 and 12: CHAPTERVI. THE SEA1. THE BALTIC2. T
- Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER ITHE FRONTIER1. Types of Fr
- Page 16: quests made roughly between 1550 an
- Page 20 and 21: ++++++++ Principal Railways.— App
- Page 22 and 23: were Russians, a proportion that wa
- Page 24 and 25: large-scale working of the Donets c
- Page 26 and 27: (I)WOODED STEPPE(Western Siberia)(2
- Page 28: steppe since the seventeenth centur
- Page 31 and 32: family, and small hamlets were the
- Page 33 and 34: serf-owners very largely took vario
- Page 35 and 36: the Great after his final subjectio
- Page 37 and 38: government, somewhat reluctantly at
- Page 39 and 40: imposed upon non-Russians and throu
- Page 42 and 43: arbarous like the Huns of Attila. A
- Page 44 and 45: (died 1227). It became Moslem in th
- Page 46 and 47: Lame, Tamerlane, the greatest conqu
- Page 48 and 49: works in the Urals and new defence
- Page 50 and 51: Russians, now with the Poles, now w
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settlers. Much of this was mere was
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the third quarter of the eighteenth
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authority of the Orthodox church wa
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10,000 fighting Cossacks; equally f
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the attitude of the Cossack right w
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those that stayed were generally lo
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(1)LENIN, 1870-1924From a design by
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CHAPTER IITHESTATE1. The October Re
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evolution, and, lastly, social-demo
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The N.E.P. interlude, 1921-28, was
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largely young blood, there remain S
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in 1925 only a million in all, in 1
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the present tremendous struggle on
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and Prussia. The constitutional out
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Chinese, could have stood such a wa
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During the war the government machi
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Broad of bottom.Without a cross,Wit
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the bureaucracy, working under the
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national good from any inclinations
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sheriffs apparently playing much th
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any formal limitations by a patriot
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aristocracy, the service aristocrac
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these rulers of Russia, save one, m
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From the fourteenth century, when t
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princes of Moscow in the fourteenth
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ined with other characteristics tha
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comparative investigation is needed
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'the great Siberian way.' It might
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Owing to the differences in wealth,
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upon the tsar with the eyes of the
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functioning remained as before depe
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as Peter, whether in his works or i
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into eight 'colleges'and adding two
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the end in essence a collection of
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Speransky was right in laying speci
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the power of the autocrat from bein
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ceptional position of Finland and h
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with a corresponding increase of fo
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affairs, for various reasons, consi
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the minister of finance, the energe
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CHAPTER IIITHELAND1. The Soviet Rev
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This large-scale mechanization, alt
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lessly. 1 It involved at one and th
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state industry and transport with s
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confusedly developing towards indep
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speech just quoted. It was being sa
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the pressure of population, which w
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carried out, but, owing principally
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eighties under Alexander III, when
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advantages of serfdom were being pr
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landowners and the clergy, and for
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other classes from the legal acquis
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ut the transference of court and st
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the continuous importance in Russia
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or that landowner or through measur
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peasants, were deprived of their de
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trade in corn (1762). Contemporarie
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Russia and during the Mongol period
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hinging on the principle of work ap
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uthless forced-labour levies for hi
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and it was through them that Pugach
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other privileges accorded to conver
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seize them, punish them, hang them,
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on the Neva river [in St Petersburg
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PUGACHOV, 1730 c.-1775From a contem
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CHAPTER IVTHECHURCH1. The Revolutio
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the drive against religion, particu
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Russia with the Byzantine empire an
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metropolitans only three were Russi
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eligious, ecclesiastical, or legal,
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in the Moscow Kremlin, became trans
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although the lonely ascetic and the
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Patriarch of Constantinople, they s
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spiritual needs of the individual.
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now in Moscow, not indeed as regard
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opposition was strongly national an
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make generalization dangerous. On t
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saint (he was also officially canon
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CHAPTER VTHESLAVS1. Russia and Pola
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the Soviet Union had grown greatly
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201
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above, extending far to the east of
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the threat of Ivan the Terrible, it
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There the political boundary remain
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Two centuries earlier the Counter-R
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esponsible for the first, Catherine
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ceased to be the rulers of the coun
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moderate liberal lines (except as r
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more to the right, "wrapt in some m
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a stepping-stone to 1772. " There c
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compactly Polish lands), encouraged
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discipline and stable authority nec
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S.S.R. as part of the Soviet Union,
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celebrated Skanderbeg, Hetman of th
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ut he was also a ruse, wealthy man
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distinctively nationalist colouring
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from the industrial working class i
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partly owing to deportations and hi
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(1923-25) led to violent reprisals
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When Alexander I resumed the strugg
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Under Alexander II (1855-81) and hi
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and religion took first place, it w
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for the next twenty-five years revo
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Above all, neoslavism, in which the
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CHAPTER VITHE SEA1. The BalticTHE i
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the Germans only when in 1917 revol
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though the two countries were separ
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principally for the cession of part
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the British Isles, played a famous
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monasteries. This power was rudely
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Baltic provinces was by then so acu
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aroused bitter internal conflicts,
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and the Duke of Holstein Peter's ca
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Russia on the Baltic had immediate
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always in opposition to France, wor
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altered the balance of power. Briti
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hundred years the scene of the fina
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'Greek project' (1782; see p. 238),
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Alexander's reign grain exports, hi
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understanding with them as best sui
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own admiralty differed and did on o
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them. He regained the lost territor
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currents in Russia which pulled her
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Germany and at the end of October e
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that was in Soviet eyes in any case
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far distant until the eighteenth ce
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to bolster up Persian resistance. B
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(cf. p. 52, note). In Transcaucasia
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nationality problem both more enven
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egan the three great changes that h
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the Amur region and on the Pacific
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Russia at the same time. The acquis
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of hard-fought successes for the Ja
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the main object of intervention cam
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freedom. His famous testament and T
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there (1934-35), this ' Chinese Sov
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German alliance and the outbreak of
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(I)(2)From the painting by KIPRENSK
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to cleanse the world, remake it, pu
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communism. As an English observer h
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world during the same period; the c
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whether Russia could escape capital
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this abyss through the extension of
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This contrast between Russia as par
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Orthodox church, powerfully shaped
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Great's architect), or the doctors
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there now flowed a rivulet of secul
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clergy should be educated. It large
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the West. And further, a new genera
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At the top, the main instrument of
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now composed of ' conscience-strick
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eginning with Peter's children {cf.
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These German influences and contrib
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French Revolution other currents sw
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did much to break their spell. Cath
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aroused interest in the highest qua
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'utopian socialists,' Saint-Simon,
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teenth century, far and away the la
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legal and social, if not political,
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institutions was encouraged. Piecem
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Foreign capital flowed continuously
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There was a big slackening in the r
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probably rather over half those cla
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In 1863 in European Russia (excludi
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the government. Only with the March
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weakly organized even locally in th
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front. Thanks to the economic weste
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than they knew how to cope with; bu
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"A whole series of special transiti
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and industry were abandoned, and th
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energy and suffering, in resistance
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culture has been repeatedly modifie
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U.S.S.R. .U.S.A. .Great BritainGerm
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skill. The first five-year plan pro
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cent.; in 1929 no pig-iron or steel
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to official announcements, direct b
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This table, for all its uncertainti
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The struggle was renewed in the Sev
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men and money, and the internal str
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maintain the status quo (cf. pp. 26
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value, and Russia was faced with ba
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for Napoleon III, a deeper cause of
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of the Russian field army, and by f
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not one of the powers. The downfall
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now meant only the joint guaranteei
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legitimacy and the treaty settlemen
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anti-Russian feelings among the Mag
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century of clash of interest and cl
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his proposals. They were doomed to
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powder-barrel of Europe merely beca
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was more and more alive to the clai
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diplomatic service was so largely s
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2. The Austro-Hungarian foreign min
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For those dozen years (1893-1905),
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appeared as another Stratford Canni
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new developments led to a changed o
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Izvolsky complained bitterly that "
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the fifteenth day of mobilization;
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When this conquest was completed, t
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and by the fact that the Russian mi
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which the British government replie
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only, not the Baghdad railway or th
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the Soviet Union in isolation. Vet
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1891-31891188518811877-818771874187
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1632-341610-33161816131611-12161116
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1025-36 c.1019-54988978 c-101597396
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mainly P. Milyukov and A. Kizevette
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and the Origin of the Russian State
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important of his attacks on the Sta
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Bulavin: 51, 161-2, 163, 165-6.Bulg
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Ivan the Terrible: dates, 448; char
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Peter the Great: dates, 447; charac
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Varangians: 24, 35, 256-7, 450, 453