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Location of Fungal Hyphae in Seeds 107TABLE 5.1Characteristics of Hyphae of Cercospora sojina, Colletotrichum truncatum,and Phomopsis sp. in Seed Tissues Carrying Mixed InfectionHyphal MorphologyStain ReactionSafranin–Light Green Trypan BluePathogenColorWidth (mm)OilGlobuleCercospora sojina Dark brown 0.8–1.6 + Light green BlueColletotrichum Brown 3.0–11.0 + Green BluetruncatumPhomopsis sp. Hyaline 3.8–8.7 – Red or green BlueNote: + = presence of oil globules; – = absence of oil globules.Based on Kunwar, I.K., Singh, T., and Sinclair, J.B. 1985. Phytopathology 75: 489–592.extensively ramified in deeper tissues. Hyphae of both the fungi occurred on thesurface of the plumule and radicle, but only F. oxysporum was seen in inner layers(Sharma, 1992).5.5 COLONIZATION OF SEED TISSUESThe histopathology of seeds infected by fungi belonging to Oomycetes, Ascomycetes,Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes is described for each genus separately.Seed infection of endophytes is given separately.5.5.1 OOMYCETESTerrestrial Oomycetes, mostly members of Peronosporales, are either facultative orobligate plant parasites. The hyphae of facultative parasites grow indiscriminatelyinto and through the affected cells of the host, whereas those of obligate parasitesare usually intercellular forming haustoria into the host cells. Species of Phytophthora,Plasmopara, Peronospora, Peronosclerospora, Sclerospora, Sclerophthora,and Albugo are known to be seed-borne (Richardson, 1990). The information onlocation of Oomycetes in seeds is presented in Table 5.2.5.5.1.1 PhytophthoraAseptate and branched mycelium without haustoria of Phytophthora parasitica var.sesami, causing sesamum blight, occur in the seed coat, endosperm, and embryo ofinfected sesame seeds (Sehgal and Prasad, 1966). Dubey and Singh (1999) reportedP. parasitica var. sesami mycelium, chlamydospores, and oospores in seed components.The distribution of mycelium in seed varies and depends on the severity ofinfection. It is superficial, confined to the seed coat in seeds with weak infection,but seeds with deep infection carry mycelium in the seed coat, endosperm, andembryo (Figure 5.4 A, B). Severely infected seeds fail to germinate, but weakinfection is transmitted to seedling and plant.
108 Histopathology of Seed-Borne InfectionsTABLE 5.2Location of Oomycetes in Seeds of Crop PlantsPathogenHostPart(s) of Seedand FruitImportantReferencesAlbugo bliti Amaranthus sp. Seed coat Melhus, 1931A. candida Brassica juncea Seed coat, endosperm,embryoSharma, 1989;Sharma et al., 1997Phytophthora parasiticavar. sesamiSesamum indicum Seed coat, endosperm,embryoSehgal and Prasad, 1966;Dubey and Singh, 1999Phytophthora sp. Theobroma cacao Seed coat, endosperm, Kumi et al., 1996embryoP. cinnamomi Persea americana Embryo Neergaard, 1979Peronospora ducomati Fagopyrum esculentum Persistent calyx, Zimmer et al., 1992pericarp, seed coatP. farinosa (P. schachtii) Beta vulgaris Seed coat Leach, 1931P. manshurica Glycine max Seed coat Roongruangsree et al., 1988P. viciae Pisum sativum Seed coat Melhus, 1931Plasmopara halstedii(P. helianthii)Helianthus annuus Pericarp, seed coat,endosperm, embryoNovotelnova, 1963; Cohenand Sackston, 1974;Doken, 1989Peronosclerospora Zea maysAleurone layer, under Rathore et al., 1987heteropogoniscutellumP. maydis(Sclerospora maydis)Zea mays Embryo Purakusumah, 1965;Semangoen, 1970P. phillippinensis(Sclerosporaphillippinensis)Zea mays Endosperm, embryo Weston, 1920; Miller, 1952P. sacchari(= Sclerosporasacchari)P. sorghi(Sclerospora sorghi)SclerosporagraminicolaSclerophthoramacrospora(Sclerosporamacrospora)Sclerophthora rayssaiaevar. zeae (Sclerosporarayssiae var. zeae)Zea mays Embryo Singh et al., 1968;Semangoen, 1970Sorghum vulgare Pericarp, endosperm Jones et al., 1972;Kaveriappa and Safeeulla,1975, 1978; Safeeulla,1976; Prabhu et al., 1984Zea maysPericarp, endosperm,embryoMurlidhara Rao et al., 1984,1985Pennisetum typhoides Pericarp, endosperm, Safeeulla, 1976; Shettyembryo-scutellum et al., 1978, 1980Zea mays Embryo Ullstrup, 1952Eleusine coracanaPericarp, endosperm,embryoSafeeulla, 1976;Raghvendra and Safeeulla,1979Zea mays Embryo Singh et al., 1968
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Histopathology ofSeed-Borne Infecti
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PrefaceThe book deals with only one
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The AuthorsDalbir Singh, Ph.D., for
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ContentsChapter 1 Introduction ....
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4.3.2 Routes for Infection from Ova
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8.4 Survival in Seed ..............
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2 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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4 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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2Reproductive Structuresand Seed Fo
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Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
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14 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Inf
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3Structure of SeedsThe seed habit i
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Structure of Seeds 49(1971) of usin
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Structure of Seeds 51is found in as
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Structure of Seeds 53dry seed of Ly
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Structure of Seeds 553.3.2 SEED COA
Page 72 and 73: Structure of Seeds 57Endosperm: One
Page 74 and 75: Structure of Seeds 59scendembepsmuA
Page 76 and 77: Structure of Seeds 61Endosperm: Sca
Page 78 and 79: Structure of Seeds 63Chalaza simple
Page 80 and 81: Structure of Seeds 65stystypmerA Bc
Page 82 and 83: Structure of Seeds 67epsent endCADB
Page 84 and 85: Structure of Seeds 69perhscendembpe
Page 86 and 87: Structure of Seeds 71eposgepi′epo
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Page 90 and 91: Structure of Seeds 75Baker, D.M. an
Page 92 and 93: Structure of Seeds 77Maheshwari Dev
Page 94: Structure of Seeds 79Vries, M.A. de
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158 Histopathology of Seed-Borne In
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7Seed Infection by VirusesViruses a
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Seed Infection by Viruses 201TABLE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 205Unlike
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2073. The
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Seed Infection by Viruses 209Wilcox
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Seed Infection by Viruses 213floret
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Seed Infection by Viruses 215ptowvv
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2177.4.2
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Seed Infection by Viruses 219seed(s
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Seed Infection by Viruses 221AMV fo
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Seed Infection by Viruses 223REFERE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 225Hunter
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Seed Infection by Viruses 227Wolf,
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