Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections - Applied Research Center ...

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Structure of Seeds 57Endosperm: One- or two-layered, cells of outer layer contain aleurone grains.3.4.2 MALVACEAE (FIGURE 3.5A TO H)(Ramchandani, Joshi, and Pundir, 1966; Joshi, Wadhwani, and Johri, 1967; Kumarand Singh, 1990, 1991)External: Seeds usually compressed, reniform with central notch or subglobose(Abelmoschus esculentus) or pyriform (Gossypium); usually brown to black; smooth,rough, rugose, or hairy (Gossypium and some Hibiscus spp.); hilum flush ordepressed within the notch; micropyle inconspicuous; obliterated; stomata on seedsurface, particularly at the chalazal end.Internal: Seed coats two, exotegmic, differentiated into five or more zones: (1)seed epidermis, composed of thin-walled horizontal cells covered with thin cuticle,in Gossypium cells form lint as well as fuzz, sparse hairs in others; hairs are simple,one-celled or septate, thin-walled or lignified, hair bases are thick-walled; (2) outermesophyll, one or more layers of outer integument, thin-walled, in Gossypiumdifferentiated into an outer zone of pigmented cells and an inner of colorless cells;cells of inner epidermis inconspicuous, rarely with calcium oxalate crystals (Hibiscuscalycina); (3) palisade or macroscleroid layer, thick-walled, lignified, light line areain the outer half of cells, the layer formed by outer epidermis of inner integumentand is the main mechanical layer —seed coat exotegmic; (4) inner mesophyll usuallymulti-layered and differentiated into two zones: a pigmented zone of outer layersof small, thin-walled and tannin-pigmented cells and a colorless zone of thin-walledcells; (5) fringe layer, inner epidermis of inner integument, cells longitudinallyelongated, thick-walled with pits on radial walls and pigmented contents. In Gossypiumcells of inner mesophyll possess compound starch grains.The vascular supply is prominent and terminates at the chalaza below a tanniferouspad.Embryo: Peripheral, large, often curved, cotyledons two, foliaceous, folded orconvoluted.Endosperm: Scanty or one- or two-layered around the embryo, five- or sixlayeredat the micropylar and chalazal ends in Gossypium, also present between thefolds of cotyledons. The cells of endosperm and embryo are rich in oil and proteins.Cotton seed contains the alkaloid gossypol.3.4.3 LINACEAE (FIGURE 3.6A, B)(Boesewinkel, 1980, 1984)External: Seed small, flat or flattish, elliptic or elliptic-ovate, pointed at oneend; smooth, lustrous; yellow to brown; hilum inconspicuous, micropyle obliterated.Internal: Seed coats two, exotegmic; outer coat two-layered, epidermis of short,radially elongated cells with stratified mucilage deposits, cuticle thin, plicate, innerlayer parenchymatous, inner coat, epidermis formed of tangentially elongatedfibrous, thick-walled, lignified cells forming the main mechanical layer (exotegmic);mesophyll of crushed cells, inner epidermis — cells rectangular, thick-walled, pitson radial walls, tanniferous. Vascular supply terminates at the chalaza.
58 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infectionsepsotzpcpal itzpcflembeps hs pal lltzpc flendhyDAendembtzCeps otz pc palpalpmepsFGEHsg itz pc flBFIGURE 3.5 Structure of seed in Malvaceae. A, B, Gossypium herbaceum. A, Ls seed. B,Ls part of seed coat. C to G, Abelmoschus esculentus. C, Ts mature seed. D, Ts part of seedcoat. E, F, Lateral view and view from top of palisade cells from maceration. G, Surface viewof fringe layer (inner epidermis of inner integument). H, Ts part of mature seed coat ofHibiscus cannabinus. (Abbreviations: emb, embryo; end, endosperm; eps, seed epidermis; fl,fringe layer; hs, seed hypodermis; hy, hypostase; itz, inner tanniferous zone; ll, light line; otz,outer tanniferous zone; pal, palisade layer; pm, perisperm; sg, starch grains; tz, tanniferouszone.) (A, B, From Joshi, P.C., Wadhwani, A.M. [nee Ramchandani, S.], and Johri, B.M.1967. Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India, 33B: 37–93; C to G, From Kumar, P. and Singh, D. 1991.Acta Bot. India 19: 62–67; H, From Kumar, P. and Singh, D. 1990. Phytomorphology 40:179–188.)Addition of water to seeds causes swelling of epidermal cells because of theswelling of mucilage. This causes ruptures in the cuticle, which remains attachedwith the peripheral wall at places; the free ends curl up.
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Histopathology ofSeed-Borne Infecti
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PrefaceThe book deals with only one
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The AuthorsDalbir Singh, Ph.D., for
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ContentsChapter 1 Introduction ....
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4.3.2 Routes for Infection from Ova
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8.4 Survival in Seed ..............
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2 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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4 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
Page 22 and 23: 2Reproductive Structuresand Seed Fo
Page 24 and 25: Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
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Page 62 and 63: 3Structure of SeedsThe seed habit i
Page 64 and 65: Structure of Seeds 49(1971) of usin
Page 66 and 67: Structure of Seeds 51is found in as
Page 68 and 69: Structure of Seeds 53dry seed of Ly
Page 70 and 71: Structure of Seeds 553.3.2 SEED COA
Page 74 and 75: Structure of Seeds 59scendembepsmuA
Page 76 and 77: Structure of Seeds 61Endosperm: Sca
Page 78 and 79: Structure of Seeds 63Chalaza simple
Page 80 and 81: Structure of Seeds 65stystypmerA Bc
Page 82 and 83: Structure of Seeds 67epsent endCADB
Page 84 and 85: Structure of Seeds 69perhscendembpe
Page 86 and 87: Structure of Seeds 71eposgepi′epo
Page 88 and 89: Structure of Seeds 73(Zea and Sorgh
Page 90 and 91: Structure of Seeds 75Baker, D.M. an
Page 92 and 93: Structure of Seeds 77Maheshwari Dev
Page 94: Structure of Seeds 79Vries, M.A. de
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108 Histopathology of Seed-Borne In
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TABLE 5.6Location of Mycelium of St
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7Seed Infection by VirusesViruses a
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Seed Infection by Viruses 201TABLE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 205Unlike
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2073. The
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Seed Infection by Viruses 209Wilcox
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Seed Infection by Viruses 213floret
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Seed Infection by Viruses 215ptowvv
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2177.4.2
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Seed Infection by Viruses 219seed(s
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Seed Infection by Viruses 221AMV fo
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Seed Infection by Viruses 223REFERE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 225Hunter
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Seed Infection by Viruses 227Wolf,
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