Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections - Applied Research Center ...

280 Histopathology of Seed-Borne InfectionsHibiscus ficulneus, 34, 35Lactuca, 37, 39Lycopersicon, 37, 38Poaceae, 73pores, 49, 51Sechium, 34, 36, 37threshed seeds, 93Triticum poaceae, 39–40Seed developmentbasics, 23chalaza changes, 31embryo, 27–28, 28–30endosperm, 25, 26integument changes, 31, 36nuclellus changes, 28–29Seed formation, see Reproductive structures andseed formationSeeds, see also Seed coats; specific familyappendages, 51–53, 52bacterial infection, 169bacterial survival, 190–191basics, 1–2, 47, 74categories, 53color, 48constitution, 47embryo position, 53exomorphic features, 48–53fungi infection, 81–82, 91–92gross internal morphology, 53–54, 54hilum, 51histopathology, 3micropyle, 50–51microrganisms, 2–3nematode infection, 242raphe, 51shape, 48size, 48–49softening, microtechniques, 262–263surface, 49, 50viral infection, 205–209Seed surfacesbacterial infection, 178penetration, 93–94, 95structure, 49, 50SEM, see Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)Sepals, 10Septoria spp., 146–147, 148Sesame seeds, 149Sesamum spp.embryo, 54endosperm, 25flowers, 7ovules, 20seed structure, 66Severity, fungal infections, 101–102, 102–103Shape of seeds, 48Sicyos, 61Size of seeds, 48–49SMV, see Soybean mosaic virus (SMV)Softening of seeds, 265Solanaceae, 17, 25, 66, 67Solanumflowers, 7hairy structures, 53ovules, 20seed structure, 66Sooty, 49Sorghumcolonization, 111, 115, 123, 132, 139, 142,145host–pathogen interactions, 104–105nonvascular infection, 84severity of infection, 102Sorghum, 27, 70, 73Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), 213, 221Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), 213, 221Soybeanscolonization, 137, 146–147colonization site, 104Crotalaria, 32endosperm, 25host–pathogen interactions, 105micropyle, 50mixed infections, 105ovule and seed infection, 92seed coat surface, 49viral infections, 208, 213Spelt wheat, 231, see also Triticum spp.Sphacelotheca, 7Spinach, 141Spinacia, 70Spreading, bacterial infection, 174, 175, 176Spurious hairs, 53, 66Squash, 9Stagnospora spp., 102, 146–147, 148Staining, 266, 268–269Stalacites, 69–70Stamen, 11–13, 12, 14Sterile appendages, 10–11Stigma, 16–17, 170–171Stomata, 49, 170Storagebacterial infection, 169, 178microtechniques, 264viral infection, 221–222Strawberry, 174Stromatic infection, 150–151Strophiole, 51Style, 15–16