Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections - Applied Research Center ...

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Reproductive Structures and Seed Formation 41through the synergid, and lack of evidence that the sperm cytoplasm enters the eggor the central cell, are recorded during pollination and fertilization.The development of the endosperm may be nuclear, cellular, or helobial.Endosperm haustoria are found in several taxa of angiosperms. Available informationshows absence of plasmodesmatal connections in the embryo sac wall and thesurrounding tissue. Development of protuberances on the internal surface and themicroinvagination of plasmalemma, similar to those of transfer cells, are observed.This indicates that the transfer of nutrients from the maternal tissues to the newsporophyte including the endosperm takes place apoplastically.The development of the proembryo is similar in dicotyledons and monocotyledons.Differences develop during the organization of various parts of the embryo.The proembryo gets its nutrition through its basal suspensor cells, which developwall ingrowths. During the later stages nutrition is obtained from the endosperm.Changes take place in the nucellus, chalaza, and integument during seed development.Integuments undergo differentiation, absorption of cell layers, thickeningof cell walls, and deposition of pigmented material and crystals etc. One or morelayers of the seed coat develop characteristic thickenings, forming the main mechanicallayer. The seed coat is testal if the main mechanical layer is formed in the outerintegument and tegmic if it differentiates in the inner integument of a bitegmic ovule.Each type has several subtypes. The development and structure of the seed coat isfairly constant in a family.REFERENCESAgthe, C. 1951. Über die physiologische Herkunft des Pflanzen-nektars. Ber. Schweiz. Bot.Ges. 61: 240–277.Anderson, M.A., Lee, M., Heath, R.L., Nielson, K.J., Craik, D.J., Guest, D.J., and Clarke,A.E. 1996. Defence-related molecules in the pistil of Nicotiana alata. Plant Reproduction.14th International Congress of Sexual Plant Reproduction, Lorne (nearMelbourne, Australia), Abstract, p. 1.Arber, A. 1937. The interpretation of the flower: a study of some aspects of morphologicalthought. Biol. Rev. 12: 157–184.Atkinson, A.H., Heath, R.L., Simpson, R.J., Clarke, A.E., and Anderson, M.A. 1993. Proteinaseinhibitors in Nicotiana alata stigmas are derived from a precursor protein whichis processed into five homologous inhibitors. Plant Cell 5: 203–213.Baker, D.M. and Mebrahtu, T. 1990. Scanning electron microscopy examination of soybeanhilum development. Am. J. Bot. 68: 544–550.Bhatnagar, S.P. and Johri, B.M. 1972. Development of angiosperm seed. In Seed Biology.Kozlowski, T.T., Ed. Academic Press, New York, Vol. 1, pp. 77–149.Bocquet, G. 1959. The campylotropous ovule. Phytomorphology 9: 222–227.Boesewinkel, F.D. 1980. Development of ovule and testa of Linum usitatissimum. L. ActaBot. Neerl. 29: 17–32.Bor, J. and Bouman, F. 1974. Development of ovule and integuments in Euphorbia milli andCodiaeum variegatum. Phytomorphology 24: 280–296.Bouman, F. 1984. The Ovule. In Embryology of Angiosperms. Johri, B.M., Ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 123–157.
42 Histopathology of Seed-Borne InfectionsBradbury, D., Cull, I.M., and MacMasters, M.M. 1956. Structure of the mature wheat kernel.I. Gross anatomy and relationships of parts. Cereal Chem. 33: 329–342.Bradbury, D., MacMasters, M.M., and Cull, J.M. 1956. Structure of mature wheat kernel. II.Microscopic structure of pericarp, seed coat and other coverings of the endospermand germ of hard red winter wheat. Cereal Chem. 33: 342–360.Bruun, L. 1987. The mature embryo sac of the sugar beet, Beta vulgaris: a structural investigation.Nord. J. Bot. 7: 543–551.Cass, D.D. and Jensen, W.A. 1970. Fertilization in barley. Am. J. Bot. 57: 62–70.Chandra, N. 1963. Morphological studies in the Graminae. IV. Embryology of Eleusine indicaGaertn. and Dactyloctenium aegyptium (Desf.) Beauv. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 58:117–127.Chandra, N. 1976. Embryology of some species of Eragrostis. Acta Bot. Indica 4: 36–43.Chopra, R.N. 1955. Some observations on endosperm development in the Cucurbitaceae.Phytomorphology 5: 219–230.Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The Seeds of Dicotyledons. Vols. 1 and 2. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, U.K.Cresti, M., Went, J.L., van Pacini, E., and Willemse, M.T.M. 1976. Ultrastructure of transmittingtissue of Lycopersicon peruvianum style. Development and histochemistry.Planta 132: 305–312.Crété, P. 1963. Embryo. In Recent Advances in the Embryology of Angiosperms. Maheshwari,P., Ed. International Society of Plant Morphologists, University of Delhi, 171–220.Dashek, W.V., Thomas, H.R., and Rosen, W.G. 1971. Secretory cells of lily pistils. II. Electronmicroscope cytochemistry of canal cells. Am. J. Bot. 38: 909–920.Dathan, A.S.R. and Singh, D. 1970. Female gametophyte and seed of Carica canda-marensis.Hook. F. Plant Sci. 2: 52–60.Dathan, A.S.R. and Singh, D. 1973. Development and structure of seed in Tacsonia Juss andPassiflora L. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 74B: 5–18.Davis, G.L. 1966. Systematic Embryology of the Angiosperms. John Wiley & Sons, New York.Dickinson, H.G. and Lewis, D. 1973. Cytochemical and ultrastructural differences betweenintraspecific compatible and incompatible pollination in Raphanus. Proc. R. Soc.London B 188: 327–344.Dickinson, H.G. and Lewis, D. 1975. Interaction between pollen grain coating and thestigmatic surface during compatible and incompatible intraspecific pollination inRaphanus. In The Biology of the Male Gamete. Duckett, J.G. and Racey, P.A., Eds.Academic Press, London, pp. 165–175.Dute, R.R. and Peterson, C.M. 1992. Early endosperm development in ovules of soybean,Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae). Ann. Bot. 69: 263–271.Dute, R.R., Peterson, C.M., and Rushing, A.E. 1989. Ultrastructural changes of the eggapparatus associated with fertilization and proembryo development of soybean,Glycine max (Fabaceae). Ann. Bot. 64: 123–135.Engell, K. 1994. Embryology of barley. IV. Ultrastructure of the antipodal cells of Hordeumvulgare. L. cv. Boni before and after fertilization of the egg cell. Sex Plant Reprod.7: 333–346.Erdelska, O. 1975. Pre-fertilization development of ovule of Jasione montana L. Phytomorphology25: 76–81.Esser, K. 1963. Bildung und Abbau von Callose in den Samenanlagen der Petunia hybrida.Z. Bot. 51: 32–51.Fahn, A. 1953. The topography of the nectary in the flower and its phylogenetical trend.Phytomorphology 3: 424–426.
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Histopathology ofSeed-Borne Infecti
Page 4: PrefaceThe book deals with only one
Page 8 and 9: The AuthorsDalbir Singh, Ph.D., for
Page 10 and 11: ContentsChapter 1 Introduction ....
Page 12 and 13: 4.3.2 Routes for Infection from Ova
Page 14: 8.4 Survival in Seed ..............
Page 17 and 18: 2 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
Page 19 and 20: 4 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
Page 22 and 23: 2Reproductive Structuresand Seed Fo
Page 24 and 25: Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
Page 26: Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
Page 29 and 30: 14 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Inf
Page 62 and 63: 3Structure of SeedsThe seed habit i
Page 64 and 65: Structure of Seeds 49(1971) of usin
Page 66 and 67: Structure of Seeds 51is found in as
Page 68 and 69: Structure of Seeds 53dry seed of Ly
Page 70 and 71: Structure of Seeds 553.3.2 SEED COA
Page 72 and 73: Structure of Seeds 57Endosperm: One
Page 74 and 75: Structure of Seeds 59scendembepsmuA
Page 76 and 77: Structure of Seeds 61Endosperm: Sca
Page 78 and 79: Structure of Seeds 63Chalaza simple
Page 80 and 81: Structure of Seeds 65stystypmerA Bc
Page 82 and 83: Structure of Seeds 67epsent endCADB
Page 84 and 85: Structure of Seeds 69perhscendembpe
Page 86 and 87: Structure of Seeds 71eposgepi′epo
Page 88 and 89: Structure of Seeds 73(Zea and Sorgh
Page 90 and 91: Structure of Seeds 75Baker, D.M. an
Page 92 and 93: Structure of Seeds 77Maheshwari Dev
Page 94: Structure of Seeds 79Vries, M.A. de
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90 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Inf
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100 Histopathology of Seed-Borne In
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TABLE 5.6Location of Mycelium of St
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7Seed Infection by VirusesViruses a
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Seed Infection by Viruses 201TABLE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 205Unlike
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2073. The
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Seed Infection by Viruses 209Wilcox
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Seed Infection by Viruses 213floret
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Seed Infection by Viruses 215ptowvv
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2177.4.2
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Seed Infection by Viruses 219seed(s
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Seed Infection by Viruses 221AMV fo
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Seed Infection by Viruses 223REFERE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 225Hunter
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Seed Infection by Viruses 227Wolf,
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