Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections - Applied Research Center ...

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9Physiogenic orNonpathogenic SeedDisordersSeed disorders in which no recognizable pathogenic incitant is associated are knownas physiogenic or nonpathogenic diseases. Fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma,nematodes, and spermatophytic parasites are common pathogenic causes of plantdiseases. Nonpathogenic abnormalities are caused by disorders in the physiology ofplants due to unfavorable environments including soil conditions.Physiogenic diseases may be induced by (1) unfavorable soil conditions thatmay be due to the deficiency of essential elements, macroelements (nitrogen, phosphorus,calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sulfur), or microelements (iron, manganese,boron, zinc, copper, and molybdenum), adverse water relations (draught,water logging, and impeded aeration), and adverse physiochemical conditions (alkalinity,acidity, and salinity); (2) climatic stresses, including temperature, light, andhumidity; and (3) atmospheric environmental pollutants (gases such as ethylene,ammonia, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen fluorides, and particulates).Wallace (1951) has given a good account of diseases caused by mineral deficienciesin plants. Scaife and Turner (1984) and Bennett (1993) have discussednutrition deficiencies and toxicity in crop plants. Levitt (1972) has provided informationon the responses of plants to environmental stresses. In recent years, considerableinformation has been generated on air pollution and injuries to plants.Some of the important publications are those of McMurtney (1953), Darley andMiddleton (1966), Jacobson and Hill (1970), Lacasse and Treshow (1976), Pell(1979), Lawrence and Weinstein (1981), and Evans (1984). Agrios (1988) hasincluded a chapter on environmental factors that cause plant diseases in his book,while Neergaard (1979) has given a good account of nonpathogenic/physiogenicseed disorders.Aerial parts of plants, particularly growth and features of stem and leaves, arecommonly affected by nonpathogenic factors. Some of them also affect the reproductivephase, causing failure of seed formation. Only a few cause notable disordersin seeds (Table 9.1). Seed disorders for which adequate histological information isavailable are described under separate headings.247
248 Histopathology of Seed-Borne InfectionsTABLE 9.1Major Seed Disorders of Nonpathogenic OriginCause Plant species Symptoms Important ReferencesNutrient DeficiencyMacronutrientsNitrogen Triticum aestivum Localized or entire grainwith light yellowishspots — yellow berry ofwheatPotassiumMicronutrientsManganesePisum sativum,Cucumis sativusPisum sativum, beans— broad bean,harricot bean, runnerbeanFailure of seed to mature,small seeds; abnormallytapering seeds incucumberMarsh spot or cotyledonswith brown necrosis onadaxial facesBoron Arachis hypogaea Hollow heart or cavitationof cotyledons on adaxialsurface, region turnsbrown when seedsroastedZinc Vicia faba Seeds small withdepression on eithersides of hilum, variationin height and shape ofpapillae and depositionof wax on seed surfaceNeergaard, 1979Eckstein et al., 1937; Stapeland Bovien, 1943;Hoffman, 1933Mansholt, 1894; Perry andHowell, 1965; Singh,1974Harris and Gilman, 1957;Bennett, 1993Gupta et al., 1994Low humidity orphysiologicaldraughtHigh humidityPisum sativum, CicerarietinumPisum sativum, Cicerarietinum, Viciafaba, Phaseolusvulgaris, TropaeolummajusLactuca sativaSinapsis alba,Raphanus sativusHumidity EffectsCotyledons withtransverse cracksHollow heart or cavitationon adaxial face ofcotyledonsPhysiological necrosis orspotted cotyledonsGray discoloration ofseedsNeergaard, 1979; Jain,1984Myers, 1947, 1948; Perryand Howell, 1965; Allen,1961; Perry and Harrison,1973; Mattusch, 1973;Singh, 1974; Jain andSingh, 1985Dempsey and Harrington,1951; Finley, 1959; Bass,1970; Smith, 1989Neergaard, 1945;Jørgensen, 1967
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Histopathology ofSeed-Borne Infecti
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PrefaceThe book deals with only one
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The AuthorsDalbir Singh, Ph.D., for
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ContentsChapter 1 Introduction ....
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4.3.2 Routes for Infection from Ova
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8.4 Survival in Seed ..............
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2 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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4 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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2Reproductive Structuresand Seed Fo
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Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
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14 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Inf
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3Structure of SeedsThe seed habit i
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Structure of Seeds 49(1971) of usin
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Structure of Seeds 51is found in as
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Structure of Seeds 53dry seed of Ly
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Structure of Seeds 553.3.2 SEED COA
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Structure of Seeds 57Endosperm: One
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Structure of Seeds 59scendembepsmuA
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Structure of Seeds 61Endosperm: Sca
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Structure of Seeds 63Chalaza simple
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Structure of Seeds 65stystypmerA Bc
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Structure of Seeds 67epsent endCADB
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Structure of Seeds 69perhscendembpe
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Structure of Seeds 71eposgepi′epo
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Structure of Seeds 73(Zea and Sorgh
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Structure of Seeds 75Baker, D.M. an
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Structure of Seeds 77Maheshwari Dev
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Structure of Seeds 79Vries, M.A. de
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TABLE 5.6Location of Mycelium of St
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Page 214 and 215: 7Seed Infection by VirusesViruses a
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Page 222 and 223: Seed Infection by Viruses 2073. The
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Page 230 and 231: Seed Infection by Viruses 215ptowvv
Page 232 and 233: Seed Infection by Viruses 2177.4.2
Page 234 and 235: Seed Infection by Viruses 219seed(s
Page 236 and 237: Seed Infection by Viruses 221AMV fo
Page 238 and 239: Seed Infection by Viruses 223REFERE
Page 240 and 241: Seed Infection by Viruses 225Hunter
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