Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections - Applied Research Center ...

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Structure of Seeds 63Chalaza simple; only outer one to four layers persist in nucellus, cells in outermostlayer regular and covered by a thick cuticle.Embryo: Cotyledons two, large, thick, fleshy, partially or completely investingthe radicle, cotyledons multi-layered, hypodermis on adaxial surface palisade-like;fats and lipids and protein major reserve food material, procambial strands distinctin cotyledons.Endosperm: One or two layers of greatly compressed cells.3.4.6 APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE) (FIGURE 3.9 A TO H)(Gupta, 1964; Sehgal, 1965; Arora, 1976)Fruit dry, schizocarpic, splitting longitudinally into two parts, called mericarps(seed for agriculture). Most mericarps are flattened or concave on one side wherethey remain attached to the carpophore. In cross section, mericarps are asymmetricalwith ridges and furrows. Pericarp forms the protective covering.External: Seed (mericarp) elongate, narrowly oblong, planoconvex, flattened orplano or convexo-concave; usually five or more distinct or indistinct ridges, inDaucus carota and Cuminum cyminum, the primary ridges are intercalated by secondaryridges, which are in the form of multicellular emergences (vallecular ridgesof Heywood and Dakshini, 1971); dark lines between ridges mark the position ofoil ducts (vittae); surface with hairs, prickles, and warts; mericarp scar basal inconspicuous;stylopodium (lower swollen part of style) and calyx (sepals) usuallypersistent at the tip of mericarp.Internal: Mericarp coat (pericarp) thick, differentiated into exocarp (outer epidermisor one or two subepidermal layers), mesocarp (middle layers) and endocarp(inner epidermis); epidermis covered with thick cuticle, stomata present, cells mostlyrectangular, outer wall thick; mesocarp of two or three zones, outer zone mostlychlorenchymatous (Daucus, Cumin, and Foeniculum), sometimes parenchymatous;inner pericarp always parenchymatous; in some cases, e.g., Coriandrum, the cellsof middle layers in mesocarp are tangentially elongated, thin-walled, lignified forminga fibrous zone; endocarp indistinct or distinct of tangentially or radially elongatedthin or thick-walled cells.Mericarps in mesocarp have five vascular bundles in ridges (one dorsal, twolateral, and two commisural bundles); alternate to vascular bundles, vittae occur infurrows. The vittae lie above the vascular bundles in Coriandrum. In Daucus vittaeoccur in both alternating vascular bundles and above the bundles.The carpophore, an area common to the mericarps, is supplied by the ventralvascular bundle. It is flanked by two vittae. At maturity its cells become thick-walledand lignified. Finally it detaches from the tissue of the septum and forms the axison which the two mericarps hang.Seed Coat: Membranous, of more or less crushed cells or with persistent thinwalledouter epidermis.Embryo: Small, basal, rudimentary or axile with two cotyledons.Endosperm: Abundant, cell walls thick, reserve food as oil.
64 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infectionsepuhssclizembepu hs scl aer izBACepuhs scl aer izepuhs scl aer izEepuhs scl izeplhssclaerembepsDFFIGURE 3.8 Structure of seed in Cucurbitaceae. A, B, Benincasa hispida. A, Ls seed. B, Tspart of seed coat. C, Ts part of seed coat of Cucumis melo. D, E, Ts seed and part of seedcoat of Cucumis sativus. F, Ts part of seed coat of Luffa acutangula. (Abbreviations: aer,aerenchyma; emb, embryo; epl, large cells of seed epidermis; eps, small cells of seed epidermis;epu, uniform size of cells of seed epidermis; hs, seed hypodermis; iz, inner zone ofparenchymatous cells; scl, sclerenchymatous cells.) (A, B, From Singh, D. and Dathan, A.S.R.1978. In Physiology of Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants. Malik, C.P., Ed. KalyaniPublishers, New Delhi, India, pp. 292–299; C to E, From Singh, D. and Dathan, A.S.R. 1974.New Bot. 1: 8–22; F, From Singh, D. 1971. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 50A: 208–215.)
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Histopathology ofSeed-Borne Infecti
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PrefaceThe book deals with only one
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The AuthorsDalbir Singh, Ph.D., for
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ContentsChapter 1 Introduction ....
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4.3.2 Routes for Infection from Ova
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8.4 Survival in Seed ..............
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2 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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4 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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2Reproductive Structuresand Seed Fo
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Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
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Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
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Page 62 and 63: 3Structure of SeedsThe seed habit i
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Page 72 and 73: Structure of Seeds 57Endosperm: One
Page 74 and 75: Structure of Seeds 59scendembepsmuA
Page 76 and 77: Structure of Seeds 61Endosperm: Sca
Page 80 and 81: Structure of Seeds 65stystypmerA Bc
Page 82 and 83: Structure of Seeds 67epsent endCADB
Page 84 and 85: Structure of Seeds 69perhscendembpe
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Page 92 and 93: Structure of Seeds 77Maheshwari Dev
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114 Histopathology of Seed-Borne In
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TABLE 5.6Location of Mycelium of St
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7Seed Infection by VirusesViruses a
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Seed Infection by Viruses 201TABLE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 205Unlike
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2073. The
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Seed Infection by Viruses 209Wilcox
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Seed Infection by Viruses 213floret
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Seed Infection by Viruses 215ptowvv
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2177.4.2
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Seed Infection by Viruses 219seed(s
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Seed Infection by Viruses 221AMV fo
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Seed Infection by Viruses 223REFERE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 225Hunter
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Seed Infection by Viruses 227Wolf,
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