Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections - Applied Research Center ...

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Seed Infection by Viruses 203TABLE 7.1 (CONTINUED)Seed-Borne Viruses Excluding Crypto-Viruses (Nomenclature as in the Reportsof the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses)Virus Name Acronym Genus Important Host (Genus)Tomato aspermy virus TAV Cucumovirus StellariaTomato black ring virus TBRV Nepovirus Lycopersicon, Datura,Nicotiana, Rubus, Cajanus,Glycine, Phaseolus, Vigna,CapsellaTomato bushy stunt virus TBSV Tombusvirus MalusTomato mosaic virus ToMV Tobamovirus Lycopersicon, PhysalisTomato ringspot virus ToRSV Nepovirus Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Rubus,Fragaria, GlycineTurnip yellow mosaic virus TYMV Tymovirus Brassica, Camelina, AlliariaUrdbean leaf crinkle virus UBLCV Vigna, ViciaWheat streak mosaic virus WSMV Tritimovirus TriticumWhite clover mosaic virus WClMV Potexvirus TrifoliumZucchini yellow mosaic virus ZYMV Potyvirus Cucurbita, Ranunculusdo not show the phenomenon of growth and are also not motile, they depend on thetransport systems available in plants for their movement from the site of entry toother tissues. But if this is to accompany the continued multiplication, it must takeplace mainly through cell-to-cell movement and vascular elements, particularlyphloem sieve tubes. Interconnected air spaces and xylem vessels or tracheids maynot support multiplication of viruses.Experimental evidence that viruses can move over long distances in the phloemhave been provided by (1) killing or ringing a section of the stem, preventing orsubstantially delaying the movement (Helms and Wardlaw, 1976); (2) presence ofvirus particles in sieve elements (Esau, 1967; Esau, Cronshaw, and Hoefert, 1967;Halk and McGuire, 1973); and (3) inoculation of viruses into young leaves, revealingthat the first mesophyll cells to show signs of infection are always next to the phloemelements. Once the virus enters the phloem, movement is very rapid (Bennett, 1940;Helms and Wardlaw, 1976). The rapid rates in phloem cells may be due to the verydirectional nature of protoplasmic streaming in these cells. Phloem-limited virusesthat are transmitted by insect vectors through injection directly into sieve elements(SE) must get out of SE into companion cells and/or phloem parenchyma, withwhich sieve elements have plasmodesmatal connections, for replication (Lucas andGilbertson, 1994).The virus particles have also been observed in young xylem cells in leaf veinsand they probably move in xylem (Schneider and Worley, 1959). Carroll and Mayhew(1976a) observed barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) particles in phloem as well asxylem in the vascular supply of the anther in barley.
204 Histopathology of Seed-Borne InfectionsTABLE 7.2Seed-Borne Cryptic Viruses (Nomenclature as in the Reports of theInternational Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses)Virus Name Acronym Genus Host GenusAlfalfa cryptic virus 1 ACV-1 Alphacryptovirus MedicagoAlfalfa cryptic virus 2 ACV-2 Betacryptovirus MedicagoBeet cryptic virus 1 BCV-1 Alphacryptovirus BetaBeet cryptic virus 2 BCV-2 Alphacryptovirus BetaBeet cryptic virus 3 BCV-3 Alphacryptovirus BetaCarnation cryptic virus 1 CCV-1 Alphacryptovirus DianthusCarnation cryptic virus 2 CCV-2 Alphacryptovirus DianthusCucumber cryptic virus CuCV Alphacryptovirus CucumisHop trefoil cryptic virus 1 HTCV-1 Alphacryptovirus HumulusHop trefoil cryptic virus 2 HTCV-2 Betacryptovirus HumulusHop trefoil cryptic virus 3 HTCV-3 Alphacryptovirus HumulusPoinsettia cryptic virus PnCV Alphacryptovirus PoinsettiaRed clover cryptic virus 2 RCCV-2 Betacryptovirus TrifoliumRed pepper cryptic virus 1 RPCV-1 Alphacryptovirus TrifoliumRed pepper cryptic virus 2 RPCV-2 Alphacryptovirus TrifoliumRyegrass cryptic virus RGCV Alphacryptovirus LoliumVicia cryptic virus VCV Alphacryptovirus ViciaWhite clover crytpic virus 1 WCCV-1 Alphacryptovirus TrifoliumWhite clover cryptic virus 2 WCCV-2 Betacryptovirus TrifoliumWhite clover cryptic virus 3 WCCV-3 Betacryptovirus TrifoliumTABLE 7.3Seed-Borne Viroids (Nomenclature as in Updated ICTV Reports)Viroid Acronym Genus HostApple scar skin ASS Vd Apseaviroid MalusAvocado sunblotch ASBVd Avsunviroid PerseaChrysanthemum stunt CSVd Pospiviroid Chrysanthemum, LycopersiconCitrus exocortis CEVd Pospiviroid Citrus, LycopersiconCoconut cadang-cadang CCC Vd Cocadviroid CocosColeus blumei CbVd Coleviroid ColeusHop stunt HSVd Hostuviroid LycopersiconPotato spindle tuber PST Vd Pospiviroid Lycopersicon, Scopolia, SolanumThe tracheary elements have half-bordered or simple pit pairs with the contiguousparenchyma cells (Esau, 1953; Fahn, 1974). However, Maule (1991) is of theopinion that virus movement within the vascular tissues may be a passive processrequiring neither virus replication nor gene expression. At present there is no adequateevidence that xylem plays any important role in systemic movement of viruses.
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Histopathology ofSeed-Borne Infecti
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PrefaceThe book deals with only one
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The AuthorsDalbir Singh, Ph.D., for
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ContentsChapter 1 Introduction ....
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4.3.2 Routes for Infection from Ova
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8.4 Survival in Seed ..............
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2 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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4 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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2Reproductive Structuresand Seed Fo
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Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
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14 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Inf
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3Structure of SeedsThe seed habit i
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Structure of Seeds 49(1971) of usin
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Structure of Seeds 51is found in as
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Structure of Seeds 53dry seed of Ly
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Structure of Seeds 553.3.2 SEED COA
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Structure of Seeds 57Endosperm: One
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Structure of Seeds 59scendembepsmuA
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Structure of Seeds 61Endosperm: Sca
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Structure of Seeds 63Chalaza simple
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Structure of Seeds 65stystypmerA Bc
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Structure of Seeds 67epsent endCADB
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Structure of Seeds 69perhscendembpe
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Structure of Seeds 71eposgepi′epo
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Structure of Seeds 73(Zea and Sorgh
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Structure of Seeds 75Baker, D.M. an
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Structure of Seeds 77Maheshwari Dev
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Structure of Seeds 79Vries, M.A. de
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100 Histopathology of Seed-Borne In
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TABLE 5.6Location of Mycelium of St
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