Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections - Applied Research Center ...

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Location of Fungal Hyphae in Seeds 1555.8 CONCLUDING REMARKSHistopathology provides information on the exact expanse of mycelium in seed, andthe use of categorized infected seeds has revealed a direct correlation between theseverity of infection and the expanse of mycelium in seed tissues. Most seed infectionsof field fungi occur in the developing ovule and seed in the field. The extentof invasion of seed tissues varies with the stage of development of the host, its nature(susceptibility and degree of resistance), and the environment, particularly humidityand temperature, at the time of infection. Early infections in congenial environmentsusually result in deep internal infections, whereas infections during advanced stagesof seed development generally cause superficial invasion. The nutritional status ofthe fungus, necrotroph or biotroph, seems to have little influence on the invasion oftissues. The effects of invasion on the development of seed and also the degradationof its tissues depend on the harmonic status that exists between the host and thefungus. Necrotrophs cause more damage than biotrophs, and specialized biotrophs,such as loose smuts and endophytes, cause apparently little damage to seed tissues.In mixed fungal infections of seeds, hyphae of different fungi compete forcolonization, showing antagonistic or synergistic behavior.Dermal coatings, cuticula of different components, lignified or suberized cells,and polyphenols or other similar compounds in seed components appear to act asbarriers to fungal invasion; however, the evidence is not wholly conclusive.Deep internal infection remains viable for various durations. This may play animportant role in disease spread over long distances and also in the recurrence ofdisease from one crop season to another.REFERENCESAgarwal, K., Singh, T., Singh, D., and Mathur, S.B. 1985. Studies on glume blotch diseaseof wheat. I. Location of Septoria nodorum in seed. Phytomorphology 35: 87–94.Agarwal, K., Singh, T., Singh, D., and Mathur, S.B. 1986. Studies on glume blotch diseaseof wheat. II. Transference of seed-borne inoculum of Septoria nodorum from seedto seedling. Phytomorphology 36: 291–297.Agarwal, K., Sharma, J., Singh, T., and Singh, D. 1987. Histopathology of Alternaria tenuisinfected black pointed kernels of wheat. Bot. Bull. Academia Sinica 28: 123–130.Agarwal, N.K. and Jain, B.L. 1978. Histopathological studies of ‘Rajma’ infected by Macrophominaphaseolina (Abstr.). J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 8: 59.Agarwal, S. and Singh, T. 2000. Effect of extra- and intraembryonal infection of Macrophominaphaseolina on disease transmission in okra seeds. J. Mycol. Plant. Pathol. 6:135–139.Agarwal, V.K. and Sinclair, J.B. 1997. Principles of Seed Pathology, 2nd ed. CRC Press, BocaRaton, FL.Alcock, N.L. 1931. Notes on common diseases sometimes seed-borne. Trans. Bot. Soc.Edinburgh 30: 332–337.Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., and Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory Mycology. John Wiley& Sons, New York.
156 Histopathology of Seed-Borne InfectionsArya, H.C. and Sharma, R. 1962. On the perpetuation and recurrence of the green ear diseaseof bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) caused by Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet.Indian Phytopathol. 15: 166–172.Atkinson, R.G. 1950. Studies on the parasitism and variation of Alternaria raphani. Can. J.Res. Sect. C 28: 288–317.Baker, K.F. 1947. Seed transmission of Rhizoctonia solani in relation to control of seedlingdamping off. Phytopathology 37: 912–924.Baker, K.F. 1952. A problem of seedsmen and flower growers — seed-borne-parasites. SeedWorld 70: 38, 40, 44, 46–47.Baker, K.F. and Davis, L.H. 1950. Heterosporium disease of Nasturtium and its control.Phytopathology 40: 553–566.Bandyopadhyay, R., Mughogho, L.K., Manohar, S.K., and Satyanarayana, M.V. 1990. Stromadevelopment, honey-dew formation and conidial production in Claviceps sorghi.Phytopathology 80: 812–818.Basu Chaudhary, K.C. and Mathur, S.B. 1979. Infection of sorghum seeds by Colletotrichumgraminicola. I. Survey, location in seed and transmission of the pathogen. Seed Sci.Technol. 7: 87–92.Basu Chaudhary, K.C. and Pal, A.K. 1982. Infection of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) seedsby Macrophomina phaseolina. Seed Sci. Technol. 10: 151–154.Batts, C.C.V. 1955. Observations on the infection of wheat by loose smut (Ustilago tritici[Pers.] Rostr.). Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 38: 465–475.Batts, C.C.V. and Jeater, A. 1958. The development of loose smut (Ustilago tritici) in susceptiblevarieties of wheat, and some observations on field inspection. Trans. Br.Mycol. Soc. 41: 115–125.Bedi, P.S. and Dhiman, J.S. 1984. Spread of Neovossia indica in a wheat ear. Indian Phytopathol.37: 335–337.Bennum, A. 1972. Botrytis anthophila Bondarzew, med særligt henblik på pathologiskanatomi. Ph.D. thesis, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen,Denmark.Bhat, R.S. 1946. Studies in the Ustilaginales. I. The mode of infection of the bajra plant(Pennisetum typhoides) by the smut, Tolyposporium penicillariae. J. Indian Bot. Soc.25: 163–186.Bhatia, Anshu 1995. Studies on Important Field and Storage Seed-borne Fungi of Guar(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] Taub.) Ph.D. thesis, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur,India.Bhatia, A., Singh, T., and Singh, D. 1996a. Infection of Fusarium oxysporum in guar (Cyamopsistetragonoloba). Acta Bot. Indica 23: 257–259.Bhatia, A., Singh, T., and Singh, D. 1996b. Histopathology of Colletotrichum dematium (Fr.)groves in cluster bean seeds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India 66(B): 289–291.Bhatia, A., Singh, T., and Singh, D. 1998. Seed-borne infection of Rhizoctonia bataticola inguar and its role in disease development. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 28: 231–235.Boek, K. 1952. Einige Untersuchungen an samenübertragbaren Krankheitserregern derKruziferen. Diplomarbeit, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.Bondarzew, A.S. 1914. Eine neue Krankheit der Bluten des Rotlees im Zusammenhange mitseiner Fruktifikation. [In Russian.] Bolezni Rastenij, St. Petersburg 8: 1–25.Brefeld, O. 1903. Neue Untersuchugen und Ergebnisse über die natürliche Infektion undVerbreitung der Brandkrankheiten des Getreides. Klub Landw. Berlin. Nachr. 466:4224–4234.Brown, H.B. 1916. Life history and poisonous properties of Claviceps purpurea. J. Agric.Res. 7: 401–406.
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Histopathology ofSeed-Borne Infecti
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PrefaceThe book deals with only one
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The AuthorsDalbir Singh, Ph.D., for
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ContentsChapter 1 Introduction ....
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4.3.2 Routes for Infection from Ova
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8.4 Survival in Seed ..............
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2 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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4 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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2Reproductive Structuresand Seed Fo
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Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
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14 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Inf
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3Structure of SeedsThe seed habit i
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Structure of Seeds 49(1971) of usin
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Structure of Seeds 51is found in as
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Structure of Seeds 53dry seed of Ly
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Structure of Seeds 553.3.2 SEED COA
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Structure of Seeds 57Endosperm: One
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Structure of Seeds 59scendembepsmuA
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Structure of Seeds 61Endosperm: Sca
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Structure of Seeds 63Chalaza simple
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Structure of Seeds 65stystypmerA Bc
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Structure of Seeds 67epsent endCADB
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Structure of Seeds 69perhscendembpe
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Structure of Seeds 71eposgepi′epo
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Structure of Seeds 73(Zea and Sorgh
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Structure of Seeds 75Baker, D.M. an
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Structure of Seeds 77Maheshwari Dev
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Structure of Seeds 79Vries, M.A. de
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Seed Infection by Viruses 205Unlike
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2073. The
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Seed Infection by Viruses 209Wilcox
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Seed Infection by Viruses 211TABLE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 213floret
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Seed Infection by Viruses 215ptowvv
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2177.4.2
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Seed Infection by Viruses 219seed(s
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Seed Infection by Viruses 221AMV fo
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Seed Infection by Viruses 223REFERE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 225Hunter
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Seed Infection by Viruses 227Wolf,
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