Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections - Applied Research Center ...

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Seed Infection by Nematodes 243nnngbgABCgwngwbDcwEcwcapbbparparFGFIGURE 8.6 Comparison of galls containing nematode (A. agrostis) and bacterium R. rathayi(C. rathayi) in L. rigidum. A, Seed gall with wall cut longitudinally to show nematodes.B, Gall colonized by bacteria. C, D, Scanning electron micrographs showing parts of nematodegall, and enlarged part showing the regularly packed infective larvae, respectively. E, Nomarskidifferential interference contrast photograph of a section of a gall colonized by bacteria.F, TEM of a freeze-etched hydrated gall colonized by bacteria. G, A magnified bacteriumshowing bacterial capsule and adherent particles. (Abbreviations: b, bacteria; bg, gall containingbacteria; capb, capsule of bacterium; cw, cell wall; gw, gall wall; n, nematodes; ng,nematode gall; par, particle.) (From Bird, A.F., Stynes, B.A., and Thomason, W.W. 1980.Phytopathology 70: 1104–1109. With permission.)
244 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKSCritical morphological and histological studies of nematode infections of seeds,wherever completed, have conclusively shown the path of penetration, the parts ofthe floret forming galls, location in the seed, and the conditions under which nematodesoccur in seed. There are several examples in which close association ofnematodes and seed tissues are known, e.g., D. dipsaci in lucerne, clover, onion,faba bean, and broad bean; D. africanus and P. brachyurus in groundnut; A. besseyiin rice; A. africanus in groundnut; A. ritzembosi and A. blastophorus in Callistephus;Heterodora in bean, pea, and sugarbeet; and Rhadinaphaenchus in coconut. Detailedinformation on the nematode association in the majority of these cases is lacking.Histopathological observations have revealed changes that nematodes undergoduring anhydrobiosis or quiescence, which enables them to survive unfavorableconditions. Information on location and period of survival of nematodes in seed isuseful for seed certification and quarantine, and for developing control strategies.REFERENCESAgarwal, K. 1984. Studies on Seed-Borne Mycoflora and Some Important Seed-Borne Diseasesin Wheat Cultivars Grown in Rajasthan. Ph.D. thesis, University of Rajasthan,Jaipur, India.Basson, S., De Waele, D., and Meyer, A.J. 1993. Survival of Ditylenchus destructor in soil,hulls and seeds of groundnut. Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 16: 79–85.Bird, A.F., Stynes, B.A., and Thomson, W.W. 1980. A comparison of nematode and bacteriacolonized galls induced by Anguina agrostis in Lolium rigidum. Phytopathology 70:1104–1109.Bos, W.S. 1977. Aphelenchoides arachidis n.sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoidea), an endoparasiteof the testa of groundnuts in Nigeria. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz 84: 95–99.Bridge, J., Bos, W.S., Page, L.J., and McDonald, D. 1977. The biology and possible importanceof Aphalenchoides arachidis: a seed-borne endoparasitic nematode of groundnutsfrom northern Nigeria. Nematologica 23: 255–259.Byars, L.P. 1920. The nematode disease of wheat caused by Tylenchus tritici. Bull. U.S. Dept.Agric. 1042: 40.Caubel, G. 1983. Epidemiology and control of seed-borne nematodes. Seed Sci. Technol. 11:989–996.Corbett, D.C.M. 1976. Pratylenchus brachyurus. C.I.H. descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes.Set 6, No. 89. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K.Courtney, W.D. and Howell, H.B. 1952. Investigation of the bent grass nematode, Anguinaagrostis (Steinbuch, 1799) Filipjev, 1936. Plant Dis. Rep. 36: 75–83.De Waele, D., Jones, B.L., Bolton, C., and Van den Berg, E. 1989. Ditylenchus destructor inhulls and seeds of peanut. J. Nematol. 21: 10–15.Dropkin, V.H. 1969. Cellular reponses of plants to nematode infections. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.7: 101–122.Dropkin, V.H. 1977. Nematode parasites of plants, their ecology and the process of infection.In Encyclopaedia of Plant Physiology (New Series). Heitefuss, R. and Williams, P.H.,Eds. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Vol. 4, pp. 222–242.Fenuwick, D.W. 1957. Red ring disease of coconuts in Trinidad and Tobago. Colonial OfficeReport, London, p. 55.
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Histopathology ofSeed-Borne Infecti
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PrefaceThe book deals with only one
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The AuthorsDalbir Singh, Ph.D., for
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ContentsChapter 1 Introduction ....
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4.3.2 Routes for Infection from Ova
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8.4 Survival in Seed ..............
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2 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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4 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
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2Reproductive Structuresand Seed Fo
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Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
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14 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Inf
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3Structure of SeedsThe seed habit i
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Structure of Seeds 49(1971) of usin
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Structure of Seeds 51is found in as
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Structure of Seeds 53dry seed of Ly
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Structure of Seeds 553.3.2 SEED COA
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Structure of Seeds 57Endosperm: One
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Structure of Seeds 59scendembepsmuA
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Structure of Seeds 61Endosperm: Sca
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Structure of Seeds 63Chalaza simple
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Structure of Seeds 65stystypmerA Bc
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Structure of Seeds 67epsent endCADB
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Structure of Seeds 69perhscendembpe
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Structure of Seeds 71eposgepi′epo
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Structure of Seeds 73(Zea and Sorgh
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Structure of Seeds 75Baker, D.M. an
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Structure of Seeds 77Maheshwari Dev
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Structure of Seeds 79Vries, M.A. de
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TABLE 5.6Location of Mycelium of St
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