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Syllabic consonants109The forms in (6) can be realised either with (6b) or without (6a) a syllabicconsonant. In the latter case, unlike the former, the schwa is realisedphonetically. This is a typical situation which is found elsewherein the language (see (5) above). However, when an infinitive (6c) or agentive(6d) vowel-initial suffix is added to such forms the nasal is obligatorilynon-syllabic and non-homorganic. Interestingly enough, the obstruentoccurring before the nasal undergoes devoicing, compare [ze†g®N] vs.[ze†kn-Œ].Let us stop for a moment to take stock of the findings in this section.The general conclusion emerging from both the English and German datais that syllabic consonants are left-branching structures. In both languagesa sonorant spreads to the left and docks on to the nuclear positionoccupied by the schwa. The problem which calls for explanation, however,is the origin of syllabic consonants. To put it differently, we shouldbe able to explain the expansionist behaviour of sonorants and capturethe exact context in which syllabic consonants appear. In the second partof this chapter it will be shown that the solutions available within theframework applied in this book, that is, the Strict CV model, are able togive an explanation for some minor problems accompanying the occurrenceof syllabic consonants. Such problems have been indicated andbriefly discussed in this section, and in the section that follows we shalloutline the problems connected with the remaining structures, i.e. bogusclusters and vowel syncope. Additionally, we have seen that in certaincases the formation of syllabic consonants is accompanied by the progressivenasal assimilation both in German and English. This problemis worth pursuing as it proves difficult especially for Government Phonology.The analysis of the progressive nasal assimilation, along with partialgeminates, will be presented in section 4.2. Moreover, the prospectivesolution should offer a unified explanation of the inconsistent behaviourof sonorants in (6b) and (6c, d) and the obligatory devoicing of theobstruent preceding the non-syllabic consonant (6c, d). Finally, it seemsinteresting to look more deeply at the syllabification of syllabic consonantsin complex consonant sequences. This is especially true in languageswhich allow for at most three-consonant clusters.It follows that in order to find an adequate explanation for the issuesmentioned above, we must look more thoroughly at the behaviour of sonorantsin general, as they play a pivotal role in all the discussed phenomena.This is especially true because the phenomena presented in thefollowing sections, i.e. bogus clusters and vowel syncope, will be shownto also rely on the syllabic ability of sonorants. Moreover, the idea developedin the previous chapter, i.e. the active/passive character of the initialempty CV unit, will help us to explain the impossibility of the word-
110 Bogus clusters, syllabic consonants and vowel syncope. . .initial bogus clusters. However, since syllabic consonants and bogus clustersare closely related, as will be claimed below, we must find a plausiblesolution to the fact that the former, unlike the latter, are allowed wordinitially.The analysis will further confirm the prediction that the initialempty CV unit can be phonologically active (Germanic languages, amongothers) or passive (Slavic languages), and as such plays a key role in syllabificationand phonological phenomena. Finally, it will be indicated thatthe analysis presented in this chapter could easily be extended to covervarious, often unrelated phenomena from English dialects which have sonorantsin their scope, e.g. velarisation of the lateral or the loss of the rhymal/r/. Let us start the discussion by presenting the relevant data concerningbogus clusters.3. Bogus clusters and vowel syncopeThis section aims at presenting relevant data concerning bogus clustersand vowel syncope in English and German. It will become clear thatboth structures are very closely related in that they appear in the sameposition of the word and have identical structure, i.e. a consonant followedby a sonorant. It will be pointed out that even though bogus clusterscan be given a uniform account in Government Phonology, the proposalsuffers from some weaknesses. The most serious one is the inability toban bogus clusters from the word-initial position. Such clusters are totallyruled out from this context in English, while in German a certain group ofbogus clusters is allowed at the left margin.3.1. English caseIn Chapter One (see section 4.2) a short discussion concerning Englishword-initial consonant clusters was presented. Brief as it was, the analysisof consonant clusters was sufficient to classify English among thegroup of languages which enjoy the active status of the initial emptyCV unit. The latter observation, we recall, is responsible for the fact thatin the word-initial position English tolerates only the sonority-rising clusters,that is, #TR. However, it was also pointed out there that in English
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Polish and EnglishConsonantal Clust
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Artur KijakPolish and EnglishConson
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ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . .
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PrefaceThe phonotactic peculiaritie
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Preface92000), Ploch (1999), van de
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List of abbreviationsBrODIdim.FODge
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14 The frameworkemploying the simpl
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16 The frameworksion in section 3 b
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18 The frameworkmodel is able to ha
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20 The frameworkhanan 1986). Thus,
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22 The frameworkare not derived at
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24 The frameworkWhat is interesting
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26 The frameworklateral relations,
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28 The frameworkIn general, we can
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30 The frameworkobstruents followed
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32 The frameworkLet us look more de
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34 The framework(7) PGO N O N O N O
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36 The frameworkby all sounds. Thus
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38 The frameworkexist. What is a Br
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40The frameworkLowenstamm’s (1999
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42 The frameworksky and Halle’s (
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44 The phonological nature of the b
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Page 59 and 60: 58 The phonological nature of the b
Page 101 and 102: III. Bogus clusters, syllabic conso
Page 103 and 104: 102 Bogus clusters, syllabic conson
Page 109: 108 Bogus clusters, syllabic conson
Page 153 and 154: 152 Conclusionnisms available in th
Page 155 and 156: 154 ReferencesBotma, B. (2004) Phon
Page 157 and 158: 156 ReferencesGussmann, E. (1998) D
Page 159 and 160: 158 ReferencesPawelec, P. (1989) Cy
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160 ReferencesScheer, T. (1997) Vow
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Author indexAbercrombie, David 103A
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Artur KijakGrupy spó³g³oskowe w
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Zusammenfassung167für alle anderen
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