Three-consonant sequences71have been presented so far, i.e. Proper Government and InfrasegmentalGovernment, are insufficient to account for the consonant sequences ofthis type. Consider the representation of krtañ ‘larynx’ in (27).(27)??PG(C V) C V 1C V 2C| | | | |k P r P tV 3|aC|V 4|PIn (27) V 3is obliged to properly govern the preceding V 2([rt] is nota possible IG domain). The nuclear position V 2being empty and governedcannot give licence to the preceding [r], hence the initial [kr] cannotcontract the IG relation either. In consequence, the forms representedunder (23a) above lack the governor for the nuclear position between thefirst two consonants. A similar situation arises in (28) below where twosonorants are preceded by an obstruent.(28) PG??(C V) C|bV 1|PC|rV 2|PC|nV 3|oC|V 4|PC|t¡¡‚V 5|PIn (28) the two sonorants /-rPn-/, as potential governors, are not able tointeract with each other in the IG domain. It means that the empty nucleusV 2must be properly governed by the following filled V 3. Similarlyto the example in (27), V 2being properly governed cannot license /r/ andagain the first nucleus, i.e. V 1, remains ungoverned. The same situationoccurs within the group of forms hosting vowel-zero alternations (23c).Although the forms with the realised vowel are unproblematic as theyare simply instantiation of PG (29a), the ones with two empty nuclei ina row remain unexplained (29b).(29)a. PG b. PG(C V) C|kV|PC|rV|eC|fV|P(C V) C|k??V|PC|rVeC|fV|i
72 The phonological nature of the beginning of the wordWhen confronted with data like those above the following question mayoccur to the reader, namely, is it possible to represent such clusters inthe Strict CV framework and preserve their distinctive Polish character?This question should receive extra attention as the same clustersappear in other, though related, languages, e.g. Czech, Slovak, and Serbo-Croatian(see Rowicka 1999a, 2003, Blaho 2001, 2002, Cyran2003, Scheer 2004). Before we address this question and try to give asatisfactory answer, let us compare the behaviour of such clusters invarious Slavic languages. It will become obvious that two separate representationsare required to capture the difference between the syllabicand trapped consonants.3.4. Syllabic vs. trapped consonantsIn this section we shall provide some evidence demonstrating that syllabicand trapped consonants, although related, call for two separaterepresentations. The discussion in this section draws heavily on Scheer’ s (2004) analysis as this is the most thorough analysis of the problemwe are aware of.It is commonly pointed out in the literature that Polish, with theexception of fast, casual speech, lacks syllabic consonants (Biedrzycki 1971, 1978, Rubach 1974). Consequently, in this language onlyvocalic nuclei count for metrical structure and can bear primary or secondarystress, unlike in some other Slavic languages, e.g. Czech, Slovakand Serbo-Croatian. Since from the phonotactic point of view Polishtrapped consonants resemble the clusters in the languages where thesonorant is syllabic, the difference between both structures must be establishedon different grounds, i.e. phonological processing.As has been mentioned above, sonorants, being spontaneously voiced,do not basically undergo final devoicing in Polish, unless they are trapped.It follows that sonorants are voiced word-finally, in word-final RRclusters and pre-vocalically, e.g. da[r] ‘gift’, da[l] ‘distance’, poka[rm]‘food’, da[rw] ‘tore, 3p.sg.’, [r]ama ‘frame’, ka[r]a ‘punishment’, etc. Moreover,they are voiced before an obstruent, e.g. wi[lk] ‘wolf’, no matterwhether the obstruent is phonologically voiceless as in the latter exampleor undergoes word-final devoicing as in wi[lk] — wi[lg]a ‘oriole, gen.pl./nom.sg.’ The only position where sonorants undergo devoicing is a‘trapped’ context (internal or final), e.g. [k °rf]i ‘blood, gen.sg.’, wia[t °r] ‘wind’respectively. Since in Polish only obstruents are granted the right to de-
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ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . .
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PrefaceThe phonotactic peculiaritie
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Preface92000), Ploch (1999), van de
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List of abbreviationsBrODIdim.FODge
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14 The frameworkemploying the simpl
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16 The frameworksion in section 3 b
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18 The frameworkmodel is able to ha
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150 Bogus clusters, syllabic conson
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152 Conclusionnisms available in th
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154 ReferencesBotma, B. (2004) Phon
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156 ReferencesGussmann, E. (1998) D
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158 ReferencesPawelec, P. (1989) Cy
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160 ReferencesScheer, T. (1997) Vow
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Author indexAbercrombie, David 103A
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Artur KijakGrupy spó³g³oskowe w
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Zusammenfassung167für alle anderen