Three-consonant sequences65To summarise briefly, in this section we have analysed Polish threeconsonantclusters at the left-edge of the word. The general conclusionwe arrive at here is that the vast majority of such sequences can be analysedwithout burdening the grammar with additional mechanisms. Quitethe contrary, three-consonant clusters can be accounted for by means ofindependently motivated mechanisms, i.e. Proper Government and InfrasegmentalGovernment, which are exploited in the analysis of varioustwo-consonant clusters. However, there are also some problematicforms, e.g. mg³a — mgie³, which cannot be described by regular phonology,at least not in the Strict CV model. Such forms force us to postulatetwo independent representations.Three-consonant clusters are possible in Polish due to the fact thatin this language the initial CV unit is inactive, hence it does not need tobe governed. In this situation both PG and IG have a chance to occurgiving rise to such complex consonant sequences. By contrast, in English,or more generally in most of the Indo-European languages, theinitial CV unit is active and requires a governor. In this situation onlyone mechanism is available, i.e. IG, which is responsible for #TR clustersonly.In the section that follows we shall focus our discussion on the lastgroup of three-consonant sequences, known in the literature as trappedsonorants.3.3. Trapped consonants and transparencyto voice assimilationThis section examines the problem of three-consonant clusters where asonorant is flanked by two consonants, the so-called trapped sonorants. 17The analysis starts with a brief presentation of the complexity of theproblem and a short discussion of some earlier accounts. Then a comparisonof syllabic consonants in other Slavic languages, like Czech, Slovakand Serbo-Croatian, with their trapped cognates in Polish is drawn. InChapter Three we shall return to the problem of syllabic consonants,this time in English and German.Although discussion concerning the status of syllabic consonants hasnever been absent from the Government Phonology model (Harris 1994,17In the following discussion I also analyse cases of post-obstruent word-final sonorants,e.g. wia[tr] ‘wind’, which I call word-final trapped sonorants.5 Polish...
66 The phonological nature of the beginning of the wordSzigetvári 1999, Rowicka 1999a,), the study of such segmentshas recently attracted greater interest (Afuta 2002, Blaho 2001,2002, Rowicka 2003, Toft forth.). However, to my knowledge it wasScheer (2004) who first proposed a thorough and in-depth analysis ofthe syllabic cognates, that is, trapped consonants. Needless to say, theproblem of a sonorant sandwiched between two obstruents has long beennoticed; however, such clusters have never been analysed in a separatestudy.The main problem with trapped consonants lies in the fact thata segment which should be ascribed a syllabic status, as it is trappedbetween two consonants of lower sonority, is stubbornly consistent inrefusing such an identity. Moreover, what is a trapped consonant in Polishenjoys a syllabic status in neighbouring languages, often in the samewords. In short, syllabic consonants behave as if they were vowels, whiletrapped consonants indicate regular consonantal behaviour. It is worthmentioning here that Polish is the only language on record in whichtrapped consonants occur on such a scale. First consider the data in (23)where two patterns of trapped consonants are depicted, i.e. consonantswhich are lexically trapped (23a, b) and consonants which are trappedas the result of the vowel-zero alternation (23c)(23)a.[brd]a[grd]yka[krt]añ[drZ]eæ[drg]aæ[gZb ® ]iet[drgn]¹æc.[krf ® ]i — [kref][brv ® ]i — [bref][drva] — [dref][pwt¡‚]i — [pwet¡‚][xSt]u — [xSest](name of a river)‘Adam’s apple’‘larynx’‘tremble’‘vibrate’‘back’‘shudder, pf.’b.[brn]¹æ[krnombrné][kln]¹æ[tSm ® ]iel[plf]aæ[trf]oniæ[drv]al‘blood, gen.sg./nom.sg.’‘eyebrow, nom.pl./nom.sg.’‘firewood, nom.pl./gen.pl.’‘sex, gen.sg./nom.sg.’‘baptism, gen.sg./nom.sg.’‘plod’‘unruly’‘swear’‘bumble-bee’‘spit’‘waste’‘wood-cutter’A word of explanation is in order here. The forms in (23) illustrate trappedsonorants only at the left edge of the word. Note, however, that thisdoes not mean that such clusters are not present word-internally or finally.Secondly, a sonorant may be trapped between two obstruents (23a)or between an obstruent and another sonorant (23b). It must also be
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ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . .
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PrefaceThe phonotactic peculiaritie
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Preface92000), Ploch (1999), van de
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List of abbreviationsBrODIdim.FODge
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150 Bogus clusters, syllabic conson
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152 Conclusionnisms available in th
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154 ReferencesBotma, B. (2004) Phon
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156 ReferencesGussmann, E. (1998) D
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158 ReferencesPawelec, P. (1989) Cy
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160 ReferencesScheer, T. (1997) Vow
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Author indexAbercrombie, David 103A
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Artur KijakGrupy spó³g³oskowe w
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Zusammenfassung167für alle anderen