Bogus clusters and vowel syncope113(8) PGO|x|bN|x|¿O|x|tN|x|PO|x|lN|x|«What is crucial, however, is the fact that the representation in (8) is alsotrue for the Strict CV model, the theory advocated in this book. Hence,we are all the more obliged to find the solution to this problem. Beforewe suggest a solution, however, let us turn to the other, no less relevant,phenomenon, i.e. vowel syncope. As already mentioned, bogus clustersare possible in the language due to the fact that the empty nucleus betweenthe obstruent and the sonorant is governed by the following nucleus.As noted by Harris (1994) and Gussmann (2002) the representationof the bogus cluster in (8) is plausible as the empty governednucleus between the consonants is realised in certain dialects. This isexemplified by the word athlete which is pronounced by some speakerswith the schwa [«] separating the cluster in question. Thus, both authorsreport on the existence of the alternative pronunciation, that is, [ ® ÏT«liÉt].This fact, according to Harris (1994) and Gussmann (2002), confirmsthe validity of the representation in (8). Another piece of evidencewhich seems to support the claim that bogus clusters are in fact twoonsets separated by the empty governed nucleus comes from a closelyrelated phenomenon, vowel syncope. This could be compared to regularvowel-zero alternations in Polish, for instance, with the difference thatin English this is an optional rather than obligatory situation as it appearsmostly in casual speech styles. Thus, as pointed out by Harris(1994:67), there exist forms, like chocolate [ ® tSkl«t], which resemble theexamples in (8) in that they contain identical bogus clusters. The onlydifference is that, while the [kl] cluster in chocolate arises due to theoperation of vowel syncope, the one in (8) above never alternates witha vowel. This ‘static’ versus ‘dynamic’ opposition is clearly observable inthe case of catholic [ ® kÏTlIk] and athlete [ ® ÏTliÉt], where both forms possessan identical word-internal cluster [Tl]. Furthermore, Harris(1994) precisely defines the context in which vowel syncope may occur.First of all, the alternating vowel is always some kind of schwa. Secondly,the process occurs in the post-tonic nucleus, which means that the8 Polish...
114 Bogus clusters, syllabic consonants and vowel syncope. . .process in question crucially relies on the stress pattern. 8 Finally and mostimportantly, the syncope depends on the identity of the consonant immediatelyfollowing the syncope site. Interestingly enough, it is always a resonant.Thus, forms like, for example, [ ® refr«ns], [ ® tSkl«t] or [ ® sepr«t], etc., satisfythe three requirements. The most remarkable contribution, however,is the latter observation, i.e. the obligatory presence of the sonorant in thesecond position of the relevant clusters. On the one hand, the presenceof the sonorant in this position must be treated as a mere accident as itdoes not play any active role in either a ‘static’ or ‘dynamic’ bogus cluster.On the other hand, however, its presence in this position is obligatory. Inother words, bogus clusters are clusters which resemble branching onsetsin that they usually consist of an obstruent followed by a sonorant, e.g.[ ® medli], [ ® pr«], [ ® tSkl«t], etc. Note that two-obstruent clusters, even if theysatisfy the first two conditions mentioned above, cannot witness a vowelsyncope, as is confirmed by the ungrammaticality of the following forms:bracketing *[ ® brÏktIN], gossiping *[ ® gspIN], menacing *[ ® mensIN]. From this itfollows that the role played by sonorants is underestimated.Interestingly enough, Harris (1994) and Szigetvári (2002)point to the fact that besides unsyncopated and fully syncopated variantsthere is a third option, one which contains a syllabic consonant, e.g. [ ® p ®r«],[I ® speS®li], [ ® päÉs ®n®l]. It has already been mentioned in the body of this workthat sonorants have the ability to dock on to the preceding or the followingnucleus, giving rise to syllabic and trapped consonants respectively.The general ability of sonorants, however, should be increased as theyare also responsible for the appearance of syncope-related bogus clusters.Table (9) quoted from Harris (1994:185) and slightly modified offerssome more illustration of the facts discussed so far.(9)a.separatetemperatureelaboratefactoryboundarychocolatemysteryreferenceawfully[ ® sepr«t][ ® tempr«tS«]][I ® lÏbr«t][ ® fÏktri][ ® baUndri][ ® tSkl«t][ ® mIstri][ ® refr«ns][ ® OÉfli]bmiseryeverysurgerynurserycameraprisonerdefiniteopener[ ® mIzri][ ® evri][ ® säÉdZri][ ® näÉsri][ ® kÏmr«][ ® prIzn«][ ® defn«t][ ® «Upn«]8Harris (1994) indicates that if the post-tonic nucleus is followed by a secondarystressednucleus occurring in an independent foot, syncope does not take place. It followsthat the syncope is possible in the adjective [ ® sepr«t], but it is not allowed in thedifferently stressed verb [ ® sep«®reIt], see also Szigetvári (2002).
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ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . .
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PrefaceThe phonotactic peculiaritie
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Preface92000), Ploch (1999), van de
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List of abbreviationsBrODIdim.FODge
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14 The frameworkemploying the simpl
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16 The frameworksion in section 3 b
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20 The frameworkhanan 1986). Thus,
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24 The frameworkWhat is interesting
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26 The frameworklateral relations,
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30 The frameworkobstruents followed
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34 The framework(7) PGO N O N O N O
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36 The frameworkby all sounds. Thus
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38 The frameworkexist. What is a Br
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40The frameworkLowenstamm’s (1999
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42 The frameworksky and Halle’s (
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44 The phonological nature of the b
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Author indexAbercrombie, David 103A
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Artur KijakGrupy spó³g³oskowe w
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Zusammenfassung167für alle anderen