LIBRO-CONGRESO-CITRUS

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Spanish citrus orchards for many decades. Most of the citrus pests occurring in Spain at present are under
satisfactory natural BC, either by indigenous or introduced natural enemies However, a few key pests are not
controlled by natural enemies. The management of these species has been traditionally based on chemical
control. Nevertheless, recent restrictions on pesticide usage within the EU have led to a renewed interest on
alternative BC strategies. Present trends indicate that augmentative and conservation BC will probably play
an increasing role in the Spanish citrus industry. Additionally, strategies aimed at the conservation of native
natural enemies of all these pests are in progress.
S16O04
Status of citrus IPM in the Southern Mediterranean basin (North Africa): case of Morocco
Mazih A.
Institut Agronomique & Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAVHII), Plant Protection, Morocco. ahmedmazih@gmail.com
More than 30 phytophagous arthropods and snail species have been reported on citrus in Morocco.
Hemiptera represents the largest number of pest species. These include armored scales, soft scales,
whiteflies, aphids, mealybugs and leafhoppers. The remaining, are represented by the Med fruitfly,
Lepidoptera and mites species. The key pests around which control strategies pivot are Mediterranean
fruit fly,-Ceratitis-capitata-Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae.), California red scale,-Aonidiella-aurantii-
Maskell (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), mites mainly citrus red mite, Panonychus-citri-McGregor (Acarina:
Tetranychidae), and the citrus leafminer,-Phyllocnistis-citrella-Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae). The
outbreak of some secondary pests during last years (e.g.-Icerya-purchase Mask (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)
could be interpreted as the secondary effects of some pesticides, used against key pests, to predatory
Vedalia beetle-Rodolia-cardinalis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). In addition, the recent invasion of
a new mite species-Eutetranychus-orientalis-Klein (Acari: Tetranychidae), recorded for the first time in
2008, became a big concern, because of its rapid spreading and huge number of generations that often
necessitate frequent sprays. The most effective products used are mineral oils or sulphur. Up to now, pest
management in Moroccan orchards still heavily relies on chemical control. However, the implementation
of ecological methods is slowly taking place. Some have already been developed by research, and could
be made ready for use in practice, in order to meet the new requirements of the market regarding fruit
quality, environment, health, and the good agricultural practices. Thus, biological control is in progress and
alternative methods to chemical control such SIT are underway.
S16O05
Integrated Pest and Disease Management in New Zealand- progress,changes and challenges
since 2004.
Pyle K.R. 1 , and Jamieson L.E. 2
1Pyle Orchards and Consulting Pty Ltd, New Zealand; and 2The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, New
Zealand. kpyle@xtra.co.nz
A three year integrated pest and disease management research programme financed by the New Zealand
government and citrus growers ended in 2005. We give an overview of the key results and the changes and
challenges since then. The Australian citrus whitefly Orchamoplatus citri (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae) was first
detected in New Zealand in 2000 and it spread to all growing areas by 2006.It has resulted in significant changes
to programmes including additional insecticide sprays. Its phenology, economic importance and chemical
control strategies are outlined. The prospect for biological control using imported parasitoids from field
surveys in Australia is described. In lemons, the focus has been on the citrus flower moth Prays nephelomima
(Lepidoptera: Praydidae) which causes rind spotting and yield reduction, mainly on the YenBen lemon. The
pest’s phenology, susceptibility to insecticides, and the response to mating disruption trials using 500 to 1000
dispensers per hectare containing the female sex pheromone are described. Further work is planned using
lure and kill techniques. Citrus disease research has focused on understanding the disease cycle and control
of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) a pre-harvest disease of Satsuma mandarins.
276 - VALENCIA CONFERENCE CENTER, 18th-23rd NOVEMBER 2012