LIBRO-CONGRESO-CITRUS

• Open: All growers have free access after paying royalties (per plant or per surface, ie. ‘Pri23’, ‘Sunnyridge’).
• Restricted: There is partial access to rights of exploitation by limiting the supply (by surface or by
production, ie. ASF club) or by restricted markets (only a few destinations or on certain dates, ie. ‘Garbí’
or ‘Safor’ mandarins, so far restricted to the Spanish market).
• Closed: No one has free access to the operating rights, except the company that has the rights in the
country. (ie. ‘Orri’, ‘Unifrutti’ with ‘Regal’ seedless) or closed to producers who have made custom
production (ie. ‘Zespri gold’).
• Variety Club: There is no free access, as the right to development and commercialization has been
delivered by the breeder to a closed group of farmers or propagating and exporting companies (ie. ‘M7’).
In all cases it is very important to take additional precautions, control the varieties information (where they
are grown), by producing it only within a given organization or granting licenses or contracts to trusted seed/
plants producers, enforce protection, stay alert for unauthorized sales, notify any individuals, companies, or
other organizations that sell or distribute your variety.
If the breeders, both public or private, have a good system to protect their PVP, it will be possible to get
returns on their investments, which can then be used to develop the next round of improved varieties from
their breeding programs. This implies that the use of new varieties is subject to the payment of royalties and
involves the protection of the breeder’s rights and the variety value. Many breeders and master Licenses of
the new varieties are not aware about control mechanisms, so have the risk of uncontrolled propagation of
the variety and the loss of incomeIn all exploitation models, it is important to avoid irregular commercial
exploitation in order to effectively protect plant breeders’ rights. The utilization of systems for planting
geolocation has become a critical activity to identify the location and origin of the plantations that have
cultivation rights (exploitation licenses), in order to minimize the incidence of illegal activity. It is also of
significant importance to know the behavior of varieties in different geographical areas, with the aim of
improving their knowledge.
Some producers start to share once they have a protected variety, and a failure to control the spread has
generated a mess. The main issue of piracy has a lot to do with auditing or genetic identification techniques,
but also with ethical education in respecting IP. Major industry players are very concerned about the issue,
and what would happen to their image if some competitors do not play by the rules. A solution to the
problem could be the creation of clubs where businesses across the supply chain are identified to minimize
risks, but not all varieties are suited to this form. Having the mapping of where the orchards are a profitable
information.
Visual NACert will be presented as an example of geolocation systems. It is an innovative, global information
system designed initially for protected varieties management that operates through Internet. It easily
identifies plantations in the earth’s surface and integrates modern technologies of visualization and data
management into a single system.
During the workshop the different exploitation models for protected varieties and control systems based in
geolocation will be discussed.
W04
New perspectives in pest control
Convener: Alberto Urbaneja
Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). Moncada, Valencia (Spain)
Co-conveners: J.A. Jacas 1 and P.A. Stansly 2
1 Universitat Jaume I (Spain); jacas@uji.es. 2 University of Florida (USA); pstansly@ufl.edu. E-mail: aurbaneja@ivia.es
Citrus is an international crop, accessible to exotic pests, but also with options to access solutions from around
the world. The introduction to California of cottony cushion scale followed by the vedalia beetle in 1888, is
just one early example of how citrus entomologists have worked together to develop ways to safeguard this
important crop. Recent years have continued to see the spread of serious invasive pests and vectored diseases
that challenge our scientific and grower communities. Climate change may also serve to exacerbate impacts
from new invaders as well as resident pests. Current options to deal with these challenges are many, from
XII INTERNATIONAL CITRUS CONGRESS 2012 - 17