Social Insurance and Public Assistance

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808 Series Bf689–707 Bf SOCIAL INSURANCE AND PUBLIC ASSISTANCE TABLE Bf689–707 Food programs – participation, benefits, payments, and costs: 1962–1999 Continued the Food Stamp program is in effect in the fifty states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Since July 1982, Puerto Rico has been receiving a block grant for nutrition assistance instead of participating in the Food Stamp program. Authorization for this program extended through September 30, 2002. The Food Stamp program is administered nationally by the U.S. Food and Consumer Service and operates through local welfare offices and the Nation’s food marketing and banking systems. Since August 1, 1980, persons receiving or applying for SSI payments have been permitted to apply for food stamps through local Social Security district offices. The federal government, through general revenues, pays the entire cost of the food stamp benefits, but federal and state agencies share administrative costs. Originally, food stamp coupons were purchased by participants. The difference between the face value of the coupons and the amount paid by the participant was known as the bonus value. Effective January 1, 1979, the purchase requirement was eliminated, and participants could directly receive the bonus. Between 1974 and 1979, SSI recipients were made ineligible for food stamps in Massachusetts, Wisconsin, California, and selected counties in New York and Virginia because those areas supplemented SSI payments in amounts that included the value of food stamps. As of 1983 and 1992, SSI recipients were returned to the Food Stamp program in Massachusetts and Wisconsin, respectively, when these states chose to stop including a value for food stamps in the SSI supplement. The U.S. Food and Nutrition Service has several additional programs to strengthen the nutritional safety net beyond those included here. These include an emergency food assistance program to provide commodity foods to states for distribution to supplement food stocks of households, soup kitchens, and food banks; and food distribution programs for women, infants, children, the elderly, Puerto Ricans, and Native Americans. More information can be found at the Internet sites listed in the sources. After July 1, 1982, residents of Puerto Rico are not included in the data. Other Food Programs Series Bf692–694. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is designed to improve the health of low-income pregnant women, breastfeeding and nonbreastfeeding new mothers, and infants and children up to 5 years old. WIC provides supplemental foods, nutrition education, and access to health services. Participants redeem vouchers for specific foods that contain nutrients frequently lacking in the diet of low-income mothers and children. Series Bf695–705. The School Food programs include the National School Lunch program, School Breakfast program, and Special Milk program. The National School Lunch program and the School Breakfast program provide funding and commodity foods to nonprofit food services in elementary and secondary schools, and in residential child care facilities. Depending on income, students qualify for free or reduced-price meals, which must meet federal nutritional guidelines. The Special Milk program as of 1999 furnishes milk to all children in approved schools, camps, and child care institutions that have no federally supported meal program. The federal cost of the school food programs does not include payments for the federal share of state administrative expenses. The commodity food costs represent the value of food distributed. Series Bf698–700. The average monthly participation in the National School Lunch program is a nine-month average covering October through May plus September. Total lunches served includes free and reduced-price lunches, which are determined by the income of the household of the recipient, and full-price lunches for students from higher income households. Series Bf701–703. The total monthly participation in the School Breakfast program is a nine-month average covering October through May plus September. Series Bf704. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 limited School Milk program participation to schools and institutions that do not participate in other child nutrition programs. The Act became effective in fiscal year 1982. Public Law 99-500 in 1987 (effective October 1988) permitted the National School Lunch program or the School Breakfast program to offer milk to pre-kindergarten and kindergarten children attending half-day sessions who have no access to meal service programs. Series Bf705. For 1969–1975, data are for the summer component of the Special Food Service program. There was a transitional quarter between 1976 and 1977, which was the interim between the old definition of the fiscal year (July through June) and the current one (October through September). During that period 198 million meals were served. Series Bf706–707. The Child and Adult Care Food program supplies commodity foods and reimburses for meals in child and adult day care centers, and family and group day care homes for children. The 1969–1975 data are for the year-round component of the Special Food Service program.
SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS Series Bf708–716 809 TABLE Bf708–716 Low-Income Home Energy Assistance program – obligations and households receiving assistance: 1982–1996 Contributed by Price V. Fishback and Melissa A. Thomasson Estimated home energy assistance obligations for Households receiving assistance for Weatherization Weatherization and energy- and energy- Energy crisis intervention Energy crisis related home related home Heating Cooling intervention repair Heating Cooling Winter Summer repair Bf708 Bf709 Bf710 Bf711 Bf712 Bf713 Bf714 Bf715 Bf716 Year Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Number Number Number Number Number 1982 1,124,476,630 51,498,572 138,941,133 136,195,046 5,990,176 1,075,061 707,123 — 430,830 1983 1,343,267,155 33,020,830 191,771,756 195,463,612 6,414,448 529,036 972,894 25,342 482,620 1984 1,372,772,591 32,374,067 225,795,893 186,662,906 6,443,637 537,598 963,743 28,841 180,748 1985 1,466,721,924 29,135,118 191,407,205 227,096,051 6,545,616 511,333 857,809 27,196 217,864 1986 1,351,903,078 35,620,945 199,178,003 193,420,839 6,359,924 535,553 951,945 114,194 191,316 1987 1,280,302,113 29,581,262 197,719,071 220,419,633 6,495,409 366,721 1,060,425 60,797 172,372 1988 1,145,560,993 21,151,405 190,046,023 170,292,505 5,827,481 309,044 981,775 57,750 156,770 1989 1,017,024,757 12,341,113 187,442,779 147,952,928 5,595,268 126,977 890,616 20,384 142,584 1990 1,030,150,903 25,007,676 188,844,316 133,479,484 5,459,631 358,823 1,058,067 37,340 148,104 1991 1,098,583,280 27,416,776 220,795,517 129,279,737 5,769,346 374,483 1,004,634 39,399 127,587 1992 990,903,081 22,645,002 197,218,623 134,816,010 5,906,292 384,468 950,275 25,570 106,066 1993 948,596,196 22,274,975 183,189,522 146,444,590 5,282,993 143,279 956,435 47,169 111,295 1994 1,062,552,111 24,862,636 225,583,805 214,342,289 5,663,040 145,684 1,127,832 24,532 126,086 1995 884,846,144 43,883,481 212,713,182 159,076,150 5,147,619 341,041 932,263 77,915 102,817 1996 696,801,144 17,597,204 167,622,219 135,835,358 3,974,152 128,538 804,560 59,992 91,503 Source U.S. Social Security Administration, Social Security Bulletin: Annual Statistical Supplement (1999), Tables 9.J1 and 9.J3, pp. 346, 350; a legislative history of the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance program (LIHEAP) is on pp. 128–9. Documentation Under LIHEAP, block grants administered by Health and Human Services (HHS) are provided to the states to assist eligible households to meet home energy expenses. In addition to the fifty states, grants were provided in fiscal year 1995 to the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, five insular areas, and 123 Indian tribes or tribal organizations. The unit of eligibility for energy assistance is the household, defined as any individual or group of individuals who are living together as one economic unit for which residential energy is customarily purchased in common, either directly or through rent. Under the Act, households can be eligible for assistance on the basis of income, or are categorically eligible if they already receive Aid to Families with Dependent Children (replaced by the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program), Supplemental Security Income, food stamps, or need-tested veterans’ benefits. To be eligible on the basis of income, households must have incomes less than either 150 percent of the income guidelines or 60 percent of the state’s median income, whichever is greater. As of 1995, no household may be excluded from eligibility on the basis of income alone if household income is less than 110 percent of the poverty guidelines. States make payments directly to eligible households or to home energy suppliers on behalf of eligible households. Payments can be provided in cash, fuel, or prepaid utility bills or as vouchers, stamps, or coupons that can be used in exchange for energy supplies. Payments are to vary in such a way that the highest level of assistance is furnished to households with the lowest income and the highest energy costs in relation to income, taking into account family size. With respect to the series that are reported for the number of households receiving assistance, note that an unduplicated total of households assisted cannot be derived from the data because the same household may be included under more than one type of assistance. In addition, the data for the number of households that received heating and cooling assistance include households that received combined heating and cooling assistance in Arizona, California, and Florida, and households in Hawai’i that received assistance without differentiation between heating and cooling assistance. Further, the total number of households receiving energy crisis intervention in winter includes households that received expedited heating assistance in Maryland, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.
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CHAPTER Bf Social Insurance and Pub
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PUBLIC ASSISTANCE: COLONIAL TIMES T
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SOCIAL WELFARE: 1929 TO THE PRESENT
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 17-22 721 TAB
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 34-149 727 TA
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 156-175 729 T
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SOCIAL WELFARE EXPENDITURES Series
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SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS Series Bf27
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