Social Insurance and Public Assistance

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726 Series Bf 34–149 Bf SOCIAL INSURANCE AND PUBLIC ASSISTANCE TABLE Bf 34–149 Paupers enumerated in almshouses, by region and state: 1880–1923 Continued Mountain Paupers enumerated Idaho Wyoming Colorado Arizona Utah Nevada Total Washington Oregon California Bf82 Bf83 Bf84 Bf85 Bf86 Bf87 Bf88 Bf89 Bf90 Bf91 Year Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number 1880 7 — 46 4 — 95 1,656 11 51 1,594 1890 20 — 87 23 62 43 2,770 71 99 2,600 1904 70 — 398 146 184 171 4,703 306 257 4,140 1910 97 19 510 271 181 159 5,562 564 352 4,646 1923 193 62 667 206 188 138 6,469 769 580 5,120 Pacific Note appears at end of table (continued) Paupers enumerated per 100,000 population New England Middle Atlantic Total, New Rhode United States Total Maine Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Island Connecticut Total New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Bf92 Bf93 Bf94 Bf95 Bf96 Bf97 Bf98 Bf99 Bf100 Bf101 Bf102 Bf103 Year Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 1880 132.0 245.2 231.9 345.3 197.1 254.2 190.2 227.7 229.6 245.0 217.7 214.4 1890 116.5 202.1 175.6 303.6 163.3 211.0 141.8 192.7 170.4 171.3 188.1 164.6 1904 100.0 193.5 161.8 272.4 118.9 197.2 167.7 210.2 129.2 136.0 91.3 133.2 1910 91.5 181.4 127.3 230.2 107.6 194.7 141.5 201.3 123.1 132.0 84.1 125.3 1923 71.5 125.1 96.2 194.9 66.4 141.5 143.3 80.2 80.6 81.6 53.2 89.6 Note appears at end of table (continued) Paupers enumerated per 100,000 population East North Central West North Central Total Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Total Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Bf104 Bf105 Bf106 Bf107 Bf108 Bf109 Bf110 Bf111 Bf112 Bf113 Bf114 Bf115 Year Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 1880 147.0 218.1 154.3 119.7 106.7 77.4 54.2 29.1 71.7 68.1 — — 1890 150.5 201.5 133.5 141.0 91.5 156.6 60.0 28.0 84.8 88.8 19.2 16.1 1904 125.7 186.6 120.8 110.1 101.2 74.2 61.2 29.3 90.6 77.7 44.6 34.0 1910 117.0 169.5 115.3 96.1 105.7 76.1 54.7 33.1 80.0 72.5 14.0 24.8 1923 96.0 114.2 104.6 95.7 83.9 63.8 57.1 41.8 69.8 79.0 18.0 26.3 Note appears at end of table (continued) West North Central Paupers enumerated per 100,000 population South Atlantic District of West North South Nebraska Kansas Total Delaware Maryland Columbia Virginia Virginia Carolina Carolina Georgia Florida Bf116 Bf117 Bf118 Bf119 Bf120 Bf121 Bf122 Bf123 Bf124 Bf125 Bf126 Bf127 Year Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 1880 25.0 35.6 91.8 264.0 127.0 103.6 140.0 115.0 91.1 52.1 35.7 16.7 1890 27.5 41.6 91.4 177.5 153.4 95.9 132.4 103.8 92.3 50.2 49.0 6.1 1904 41.7 50.3 74.9 145.5 138.1 77.3 99.3 83.6 75.7 48.9 43.7 20.3 1910 46.2 43.5 63.2 180.9 129.8 83.4 81.9 66.2 63.0 31.5 31.2 27.5 1923 43.3 54.7 47.6 121.3 91.8 71.5 51.0 46.0 55.6 26.1 29.4 20.2 Note appears at end of table (continued)
POOR RELIEF Series Bf 34–149 727 TABLE Bf 34–149 Paupers enumerated in almshouses, by region and state: 1880–1923 Continued East South Central Paupers enumerated per 100,000 population West South Central Total Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Total Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Bf128 Bf129 Bf130 Bf131 Bf132 Bf133 Bf134 Bf135 Bf136 Bf137 Year Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 1880 60.2 82.9 73.7 40.7 30.5 9.4 13.1 — — 13.2 1890 66.0 84.9 87.4 41.2 88.3 17.8 19.8 10.9 — 20.8 1904 60.7 76.3 87.1 39.2 31.5 23.0 40.9 10.0 4.7 27.2 1910 50.7 66.5 71.8 34.6 24.3 18.6 33.9 11.3 2.9 22.1 1923 45.4 59.5 62.1 32.0 22.1 19.5 32.1 9.5 11.8 22.1 Note appears at end of table (continued) Paupers enumerated per 100,000 population Mountain Total Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado Arizona Utah Nevada Total Washington Oregon California Bf138 Bf139 Bf140 Bf141 Bf142 Bf143 Bf144 Bf145 Bf146 Bf147 Bf148 Bf149 Year Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 Per 100,000 1880 23.3 — 21.5 — 23.7 9.9 — 152.6 148.6 14.6 29.2 184.3 1890 31.7 99.9 23.7 — 21.1 38.6 29.8 94.0 148.0 20.3 31.6 215.2 1904 63.4 107.7 31.6 — 62.8 95.8 59.0 301.7 153.6 41.1 50.6 228.9 1910 62.7 110.4 29.8 13 63.8 132.6 48.5 194.2 132.7 49.4 52.3 195.4 1923 50.6 54.6 42.0 30 68.4 56.0 40.1 178.3 109.3 54.5 71.4 138.5 Pacific 1 Enumeration date June 1 through 1890; January 1 thereafter. Source Paupers in Almshouses: 1923 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1926), Table 4, p. 7. Notes for Table 4 appear in the report on pp. 1–5, 7. Documentation The data report the number of paupers in public almshouses only. The data do not report the number of paupers receiving relief in their own homes– those receiving “outdoor relief” – and they do not include the number of paupers residing in privately financed almshouses or asylums. Therefore, the data cannot be used as the only indicator of the extent of pauperism. Agreat store of statistical data on indoor institutions – almshouses, poorhouses, workhouses, insane asylums, and houses of refuge – can be found in the annual reports of the (variously named) State Boards of Charities and Corrections, and in the county-level reports that comprise them. One may also find state and national information on the laws and practices of public assistance in the annual Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections. Although the word “pauper” slid away from American vocabularies for most of the twentieth century, the Bureau of the Census used the term during the first quarter of the twentieth century to categorize anyone who received public assistance. Prior to 1923, the Bureau of the Census took seven different censuses relating to paupers. A census of paupers was taken as a part of each decennial census from 1850 to 1880, while for 1904, 1910, and again for 1923, a special census of paupers in public almshouses was taken. The Bureau defined a public almshouse as an institution supported or controlled by town, municipal, county, or state authorities and used for the shelter of persons who are without means of self-support and who have no relatives able and willing or legally bound to aid them. The censuses of 1904, 1910, and 1923 included all public almshouses in the United States. The enumerations were made chiefly by officials of the institutions and covered not only the paupers who were inmates of almshouses on a given date but also those admitted in the course of one year and those who were discharged or transferred, or who died during one year. No almshouse was maintained in New Mexico in the years covered by this table. For a quantitative analysis of these pauper census data, see Stephen T. Ziliak, “By Foot, by Ford, by Horse, by Hearse: In and Out of America’s Almshouses, 1880–1923” (unpublished paper, Department of Economics, Bowling Green State University). A quantitative analysis of poorhouses in New York State may be found in Joan Underhill Hannon, “Shutting Down Welfare: Two Cases From America’s Past,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 37 (2) (1997): 419–38; Joan Underhill Hannon, “Poor Relief Policy in Antebellum New York State: The Rise and Decline of the Poorhouse,” Explorations in Economic History 22 (1985): 233–56; and Joan Underhill Hannon, “Poverty and the Antebellum Northeast: The View from New York State’s Poor Relief Rolls,” Journal of Economic History 44 (4) (1984): 1007–32. For a general introduction to the history of the almshouse, see David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum (Little, Brown, 1971), and Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse (Basic Books, 1986).
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