Social Insurance and Public Assistance

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832 Series Bf864–874 Bf SOCIAL INSURANCE AND PUBLIC ASSISTANCE TABLE Bf864–874 Short-term disability programs – cash benefits provided for income loss, by type of insurance: 1970–1994 Contributed by Price V. Fishback and Melissa A. Thomasson Benefits provided as protection against short-term income loss Employment-related benefits Estimated total For workers in private sector income loss due Old-Age, Survivors, Private Publicly to injury or illness and Disability Insurance cash-sickness operated Sick leave for for wage and program (sixth Obtained through insurance and cash-sickness Employment-related Workers’ government salary workers Total month of disability) individual insurance Total Total self-insurance funds sick leave compensation employees Bf864 Bf865 Bf866 Bf867 Bf868 Bf869 Bf870 Bf871 Bf872 Bf873 Bf874 Year Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars 1970 13,635 8,556 — 772 7,784 4,196 1,476 411 2,309 928 2,660 1975 20,439 13,164 160 973 12,031 5,997 2,011 538 3,448 2,037 3,998 1980 33,746 21,910 175 1,280 20,455 9,984 3,271 770 5,943 4,430 6,041 1985 48,484 29,840 195 1,796 27,849 12,440 2,601 1,179 8,660 6,922 8,487 1986 — 31,256 194 1,774 29,288 12,713 2,275 1,255 9,183 7,594 8,982 1987 — 34,509 220 2,062 32,227 14,275 2,692 1,696 9,887 8,361 9,591 1988 60,185 37,255 207 2,057 34,992 15,391 2,903 1,779 10,710 9,335 10,266 1989 63,862 40,167 224 2,451 37,492 16,364 2,732 1,907 11,725 10,161 10,967 1990 68,296 42,925 274 2,701 39,950 16,834 2,711 2,269 11,855 11,242 11,873 1991 69,542 45,378 311 2,588 42,480 17,555 2,605 2,817 12,133 12,388 12,537 1992 73,783 48,402 396 3,497 44,509 18,456 2,703 2,975 12,778 12,937 13,115 1993 76,816 48,317 403 3,560 44,355 18,310 2,608 2,349 13,353 12,429 13,616 1994 81,101 49,374 412 3,263 45,699 19,039 2,558 2,370 14,111 12,500 14,160 Sources Wilmer Kerns, “Cash Benefits for Short-Term Sickness, 1970–1994,” Social Security Bulletin 60 (1) (1997): 49–53. The Social Security Disability Insurance benefits, series Bf865, are from the Annual Statistical Supplement of the Social Security Bulletin, Table 6.C1. Documentation These series are estimated using methods different from those in Table Bf854–863. Short-term disability programs are designed to provide income, continuing up to six months, for workers who are unable to perform their jobs because of temporary illness or injury. If the injury or illness requires a prolonged absence from work, this short-term income serves as a bridge between employment and long-term disability benefits. Income replacement for short-term disability is available through a variety of private employment plans and in several states through mandatory public programs (see the text for Table Bf290–325). The Social Security Disability Insurance program now provides monthly benefits to severely disabled insured workers and their dependents after a waiting period of five calendar months. Sickness or injury that occurs outside of the workplace, and is non-job-related, is classified as nonoccupational illness. Three programs protect workers from this kind of illness: temporary disability insurance in certain states, paid sick leave, and employment-related group insurance. Some individuals also purchase individual insurance policies. Another class of income protection is provided by workers’ compensation programs, which cover job-related illnesses or occupational illnesses. For further discussion of methods of estimation, see the original source. Series Bf864. Assumes the following days of work loss per employee and work days per year: 5.3 days in a 255-day work year for persons employed in the private sector; 8 days in a 260-day work year for federal public employees; 7 days in a 255-day work year for state and local public employees; and 7 days in a 300-day work year for the self-employed. Series Bf865. The sum of series Bf866–868. Series Bf868. The sum of series Bf869 and Bf873–874. Series Bf869. The sum of series Bf870–872.
PRIVATE WELFARE Series Bf875–886 833 TABLE Bf875–886 Health care expenditures, by source of funds: 1960—1997 Contributed by Price V. Fishback and Melissa A. Thomasson From private funds From public funds Consumer payments By type of government By program From private From public Out of health funds besides Total Total Total pocket insurance Other Total Federal State and local Medicaid Medicare Medicare and Medicaid Bf875 Bf876 Bf877 Bf878 Bf879 Bf880 Bf881 Bf882 Bf883 Bf884 Bf885 Bf886 Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Million Year dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars 1960 26,850 20,203 18,945 13,067 5,878 1,258 6,648 2,914 3,734 0 0 6,648 1961 28,768 21,466 20,015 13,373 6,642 1,450 7,302 3,327 3,976 0 0 7,302 1962 31,268 23,291 21,603 14,227 7,376 1,688 7,977 3,787 4,190 0 0 7,977 1963 34,067 25,343 23,537 15,537 7,999 1,807 8,724 4,231 4,493 0 0 8,724 1964 37,647 28,290 26,198 17,252 8,946 2,093 9,356 4,460 4,896 0 0 9,356 1965 41,145 30,867 28,565 18,540 10,026 2,302 10,278 4,820 5,458 0 0 10,278 1966 45,263 31,600 29,182 18,839 10,344 2,418 13,663 7,614 6,049 1,311 1,846 10,506 1967 50,969 31,964 29,477 18,826 10,651 2,487 19,005 12,106 6,899 3,157 4,939 10,909 1968 57,684 35,879 32,940 20,771 12,169 2,940 21,804 14,190 7,615 3,558 6,240 12,006 1969 64,792 40,247 36,554 22,715 13,839 3,693 24,545 16,049 8,496 4,194 7,070 13,281 1970 73,243 45,537 41,184 24,901 16,283 4,353 27,706 17,816 9,890 5,316 7,700 14,690 1971 81,018 49,829 44,960 26,405 18,555 4,869 31,189 20,403 10,786 6,728 8,470 15,991 1972 90,943 55,808 50,296 28,989 21,307 5,512 35,135 22,974 12,161 8,350 9,360 17,425 1973 100,838 61,550 55,892 31,954 23,938 5,658 39,288 25,199 14,089 9,463 10,778 19,047 1974 114,265 67,667 61,656 34,837 26,818 6,012 46,597 30,575 16,022 11,116 13,485 21,996 1975 130,727 75,695 69,363 38,094 31,269 6,332 55,032 36,407 18,625 13,497 16,396 25,139 1976 149,856 87,434 79,799 41,938 37,861 7,634 62,422 42,952 19,470 15,248 19,764 27,410 1977 170,375 100,158 92,262 46,405 45,858 7,896 70,217 47,693 22,524 17,534 22,973 29,710 1978 190,601 111,048 102,247 49,733 52,513 8,802 79,553 54,325 25,228 19,542 26,763 33,248 1979 215,201 125,054 115,252 54,317 60,936 9,802 90,147 61,384 28,763 22,416 31,037 36,694 1980 247,273 142,493 130,011 60,254 69,758 12,482 104,780 71,958 32,823 26,135 37,516 41,129 1981 286,908 165,715 150,677 68,492 82,185 15,039 121,193 83,711 37,482 30,378 44,883 45,932 1982 322,978 188,397 170,852 75,448 95,404 17,545 134,581 93,038 41,543 32,117 52,470 49,994 1983 355,291 207,746 188,480 82,319 106,162 19,266 147,545 103,126 44,419 35,333 59,761 52,451 1984 390,077 229,938 210,057 90,857 119,200 19,880 160,139 113,207 46,932 38,249 66,446 55,444 1985 428,721 254,518 233,504 100,659 132,846 21,014 174,202 123,171 51,032 41,253 72,084 60,865 1986 461,229 271,398 248,636 108,081 140,555 22,762 189,831 132,634 57,197 45,542 76,838 67,451 1987 500,502 293,291 268,498 116,053 152,446 24,793 207,211 143,096 64,115 50,419 82,711 74,081 1988 560,379 334,251 305,518 127,458 178,060 28,733 226,127 156,359 69,769 55,118 90,100 80,909 1989 623,536 371,413 341,673 133,208 208,466 29,740 252,123 174,766 77,357 62,250 102,423 87,450 1990 699,361 416,187 384,587 145,032 239,554 31,601 283,174 195,181 87,993 75,373 111,496 96,305 1991 766,783 448,859 415,072 153,335 261,737 33,787 317,923 222,550 95,374 93,942 121,138 102,843 1992 836,537 483,553 447,247 161,758 285,490 36,306 352,984 251,759 101,225 106,370 136,164 110,450 1993 898,496 513,172 473,850 167,051 306,800 39,322 385,323 275,353 109,970 121,748 148,702 114,873 1994 947,717 524,908 483,610 168,502 315,109 41,298 422,810 301,171 121,638 134,592 166,883 121,335 1995 993,725 538,507 495,273 170,991 324,282 43,235 455,218 325,989 129,229 146,105 185,220 123,893 1996 1,042,522 561,141 515,233 178,124 337,108 45,908 481,382 348,009 133,373 154,106 200,086 127,190 1997 1,092,385 585,312 535,571 187,551 348,020 49,741 507,073 367,050 140,023 159,890 214,569 132,614 Source Internet site of the Health Care Financing Administration, National Health Care Expenditures. See also U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration, Office of Research and Demonstrations, Health Care Financing Review, Statistical Supplement (1998). Documentation Substantially more detail on health care expenditures is available from the source. For earlier sources using a different methodology and some differing categories for the period 1929, 1935, 1940, 1945, 1950, 1955, 1960–1975, see Ida C. Merriam, “Social Welfare Expenditures, 1964–5,” Social Security Bulletin 28 (10) (1965): 10, and Alfred M. Skolnik and Sophie R. Dales, “Social Welfare Expenditures, Fiscal Year, 1974,” Social Security Bulletin 38 (1) (1935): 15. Since 1964, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has published an annual series of statistics presenting total national health expenditures during each year. The basic aim of these statistics, termed national health accounts (NHA), is to “identify all goods and services that can be characterized as relating to health care in the nation, and determine the amount of money used for the purchase of these goods and services” (D. Rice, B. Cooper, and R. Gibson, “U.S. National Health Accounts: Historical Perspectives, Current Issues, and Future Projections,” in Emile Levy, editor, La Santé Fait ses Comptes (Accounting for Health) (Economica, 1982)). The essential framework for the accounts consists of a matrix of operational categories classifying and defining the sources of health care dollars and services purchased with these funds. The NHA are compatible with the national income and product accounts generally, but bring together in one place a picture of the nation’s health economy. Out-of-pocket expenditure includes direct spending by consumers for all health care goods and services. Included in this estimate is the amount paid out of pocket for services not covered by insurance, the amount of coinsurance and deductibles required by private health insurance and by public programs such as Medicare and Medicaid (and not paid by some other third party), and the payment to providers for services and goods that exceed the usual, customary, or reasonable charges reimbursed by third parties. Enrollee premiums for private health insurance and Medicare Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) are not included with under out-of-pocket expenditures. (continued)
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CHAPTER Bf Social Insurance and Pub
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PUBLIC ASSISTANCE: COLONIAL TIMES T
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SOCIAL WELFARE: 1929 TO THE PRESENT
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 17-22 721 TAB
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 23-27 723 TAB
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 34-149 725 TA
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 34-149 727 TA
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 156-175 729 T
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SOCIAL WELFARE EXPENDITURES Series
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SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS Series Bf27
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Page 89 and 90: SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS Series Bf48
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