Social Insurance and Public Assistance

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724 Series Bf28–33 Bf SOCIAL INSURANCE AND PUBLIC ASSISTANCE TABLE Bf 28–33 Pauper support, by state: 1850–1870 Contributed by Stephen T. Ziliak Average pauper support Pauper support as a ratio to income of common laborer 1850 1860 1870 1850 1860 1870 Bf28 Bf29 Bf30 Bf31 Bf32 Bf33 State Dollars Dollars Dollars Percent Percent Percent United States 59 87 119 21.6 26.4 24.0 Alabama 56 87 119 25.7 29.1 31.6 Arkansas 103 94 139 44.2 29.1 32.2 California — 388 276 — 41.3 38.4 Colorado — — 601 — — 77.2 Connecticut 55 56 111 23.3 17.1 22.0 Delaware 65 51 91 26.7 18.8 18.8 District of Columbia — 89 94 — 28.6 — Florida 15 43 67 4.7 11.9 18.0 Georgia 33 38 88 14.7 13.7 26.0 Illinois 104 106 235 53.9 32.4 47.2 Indiana 99 96 110 57.9 31.5 22.7 Iowa 122 123 205 47.3 39.9 39.0 Kansas — 20 138 — 5.3 23.7 Kentucky 74 80 90 34.4 26.5 20.8 Louisiana — 1 70 105 — 1 16.2 19.8 Maine 43 49 101 18.2 15.0 21.1 Maryland 36 104 101 16.7 39.8 21.1 Massachusetts 71 89 194 27.2 28.1 39.0 Michigan 66 80 132 32.2 24.8 27.0 Minnesota — — 69 — 46.1 12.7 Mississippi 71 89 120 24.1 22.7 26.6 Missouri 105 90 103 45.1 29.5 22.4 Montana — — 742 — — 39.8 Nebraska — — 2 121 — — 2 18.3 Nevada — — 439 — — 47.1 New Hampshire 72 67 110 36.7 22.9 27.2 New Jersey 59 71 119 29.2 21.3 23.3 New York 64 75 189 30.8 23.7 40.5 North Carolina 38 58 83 22.6 24.3 32.5 Ohio 57 — 3 154 32.8 — 3 30.9 Oregon — 526 306 — — 46.4 Pennsylvania 61 86 143 38.4 24.9 27.9 Rhode Island 66 70 154 29.5 21.4 33.0 South Carolina 40 45 109 19.5 17.6 34.7 Tennessee 53 69 75 29.4 26.4 20.9 Texas — 2 105 105 — 2 27.0 26.6 Utah — 344 122 — 57.0 — Vermont 64 65 100 28.6 20.1 22.3 Virginia 34 46 92 16.8 18.3 29.3 Washington — 935 264 — 103.0 33.9 West Virginia — — 81 — — 20.5 Wisconsin 62 64 134 28.1 19.6 28.0 1 Aggregate expenditures greater than in 1860. 2 Fewer than 10 persons enumerated. 3 June 1 count above yearly total. Source Stanley Lebergott, The American Economy: Income, Wealth, and Want (Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 64–5. Notes on pp. 61–4. Data for daily wages of common labor are taken from Lebergott, Manpower in Economic Growth (McGraw-Hill, 1964), p. 541, and multiplied by 311 to give an annual rate (Lebergott 1976, p. 63). Documentation The estimates for relief payments were computed from data in A Compendium of the Ninth Census (U.S. Census Office, 1872, pp. 533–4). According to Lebergott, “the estimates ...were computed . . . by dividing the count of paupers as of June 1 into the ‘annual cost of support’ for an entire year. The June 1 count is probably below a yearly average so far as seasonality is concerned. But the peak of immigrant flows in the spring would tend to bring it above average. Because 40 percent of the June 1 count was in New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts – centers for immigrant arrival – the importance of this latter factor is probably substantial. We therefore accept the June 1 count as afair annual average” (Lebergott 1976, p. 61). Lebergott’s data for New York State cannot be replicated with Hannon’s county-level data from New York State. The reason for the discrepancy is unresolved. L. Lynne Kiesling and Robert Margo have examined the census manuscripts for the antebellum period, 1850 and 1860. They have found that some of Lebergott’s other state totals cannot be replicated by aggregating to the county-level data (L. Lynne Kiesling and Robert A. Margo, “Explaining the Rise in Antebellum Pauperism, 1850–1860: New Evidence,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 37 (2) (1997): 405–17). Margo points out (in correspondence to Ziliak) that the numerator (the pauper expenditures) and the denominator (the average wage) of Lebergott’s “generosity” figure are unweighted, even in cases where census agents performed the arithmetic correctly. Margo suggests that it would be better to produce a generosity figure built up from the county-level data, and then weighted by, for example, the number of paupers in each county.
POOR RELIEF Series Bf 34–149 725 TABLE Bf 34–149 Paupers enumerated in almshouses, by region and state: 1880–1923 1 Contributed by Stephen T. Ziliak Paupers enumerated New England Middle Atlantic Total, United States Total Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Total New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Bf34 Bf35 Bf36 Bf37 Bf38 Bf39 Bf40 Bf41 Bf42 Bf43 Bf44 Bf45 Year Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number 1880 66,203 9,835 1,505 1,198 655 4,533 526 1,418 24,098 12,452 2,462 9,184 1890 73,044 9,500 1,161 1,143 543 4,725 490 1,438 21,643 10,272 2,718 8,653 1904 81,764 11,495 1,152 1,140 414 5,934 788 2,067 21,783 10,793 1,936 9,054 1910 84,198 11,886 945 991 383 6,555 768 2,244 23,772 12,031 2,135 9,606 1923 78,090 9,529 745 870 234 5,629 889 1,162 18,564 8,740 1,764 8,060 Note appears at end of table (continued) Paupers enumerated East North Central West North Central Total Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Total Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Bf46 Bf47 Bf48 Bf49 Bf50 Bf51 Bf52 Bf53 Bf54 Bf55 Bf56 Bf57 Year Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number 1880 16,474 6,974 3,052 3,684 1,746 1,018 3,337 227 1,165 1,477 — — 1890 20,279 7,400 2,927 5,395 1,916 2,641 5,336 365 1,621 2,378 35 53 1904 21,127 8,172 3,120 5,635 2,594 1,606 6,618 547 2,019 2,465 184 159 1910 21,358 8,078 3,114 5,421 2,970 1,775 6,366 687 1,779 2,388 81 145 1923 21,405 6,872 3,128 6,415 3,262 1,728 7,298 1,032 1,711 2,712 120 171 Note appears at end of table (continued) West North Central Paupers enumerated South Atlantic Nebraska Kansas Total Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Bf58 Bf59 Bf60 Bf61 Bf62 Bf63 Bf64 Bf65 Bf66 Bf67 Bf68 Bf69 Year Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number 1880 113 355 6,975 387 1,187 184 2,117 711 1,275 519 550 45 1890 291 593 8,100 299 1,599 221 2,193 792 1,483 578 901 24 1904 464 780 8,298 278 1,633 230 1,915 881 1,519 686 1,032 124 1910 551 735 7,706 366 1,681 276 1,688 808 1,389 478 813 207 1923 573 979 6,875 277 1,368 313 1,211 702 1,474 451 872 207 Note appears at end of table (continued) Paupers enumerated East South Central West South Central Mountain Total Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Total Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Total Montana Bf70 Bf71 Bf72 Bf73 Bf74 Bf75 Bf76 Bf77 Bf78 Bf79 Bf80 Bf81 Year Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number 1880 3,361 1,366 1,136 514 345 315 105 — — 210 152 — 1890 4,240 1,578 1,545 623 494 809 223 122 — 464 367 132 1904 4,768 1,678 1,812 761 517 1,689 575 149 52 913 1,283 314 1910 4,266 1,522 1,569 739 436 1,630 534 187 48 861 1,652 415 1923 4,097 1,457 1,477 768 395 2,075 578 174 250 1,073 1,778 324 Note appears at end of table (continued)
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