Social Insurance and Public Assistance

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786 Series Bf511–524 Bf SOCIAL INSURANCE AND PUBLIC ASSISTANCE TABLE Bf511–524 Workers’ compensation – workers covered, benefit payments, and costs: 1939–1998 Continued Per $100 of Benefits paid covered payroll NASI estimates Per $100 of Disability and survivor benefits Source of payments covered payroll Medical and Private Disbursements Workers hospitalization insurance from state and Employers’ Cost of Workers Cost of covered Total benefits Total Disability Survivor carriers federal funds self-insurance programs Benefits paid covered programs Benefits paid Bf511 Bf512 Bf513 Bf514 Bf515 Bf516 1 Bf517 Bf518 Bf519 Bf520 Bf521 Bf522 Bf523 Bf524 Year Million Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Million dollars Dollars Dollars Million Dollars Dollars 1960 44.9 1,295 435 860 755 105 810 325 160 0.93 0.59 — — — 1961 45.0 1,374 460 914 804 110 851 347 176 0.95 0.61 — — — 1962 46.2 1,489 495 994 879 115 924 371 194 0.96 0.62 — — — 1963 47.3 1,582 525 1,057 932 125 988 388 207 0.99 0.62 — — — 1964 48.8 1,707 565 1,142 1,007 135 1,070 412 226 1.00 0.63 — — — 1965 50.8 1,814 600 1,214 1,074 140 1,124 445 244 1.00 0.61 — — — 1966 53.7 2,000 680 1,320 1,170 150 1,239 486 275 1.02 0.61 — — — 1967 55.0 2,189 750 1,439 1,284 155 1,363 524 303 1.07 0.63 — — — 1968 56.8 2,376 830 1,546 1,381 165 1,482 556 338 1.07 0.62 — — — 1969 59.0 2,634 920 1,714 1,529 185 1,641 607 386 1.08 0.62 — — — 1970 59.2 3,031 1,050 1,981 1,751 230 1,843 755 432 1.11 0.66 — — — 1971 59.4 3,563 1,130 2,433 2,068 365 2,005 1,098 460 1.11 0.67 — — — 1972 62.3 4,061 1,250 2,811 2,351 460 2,179 1,379 504 1.14 0.68 — — — 1973 66.3 5,103 1,480 3,623 2,953 670 2,514 1,998 592 1.17 0.70 — — — 1974 68.0 5,781 1,760 4,021 3,351 670 2,971 2,086 724 1.24 0.75 — — — 1975 67.2 6,598 2,030 4,568 3,843 725 3,422 2,324 852 1.32 0.83 — — — 1976 69.6 7,584 2,380 5,204 4,394 810 3,976 2,570 1,039 1.49 0.87 — — — 1977 72.1 8,630 2,680 5,950 5,075 875 4,629 2,750 1,250 1.71 0.92 — — — 1978 75.6 9,796 2,980 6,816 5,851 965 5,256 3,043 1,497 1.86 0.94 — — — 1979 78.6 12,027 3,520 8,507 7,232 1,275 6,157 4,022 1,848 1.95 1.01 — — — 1980 78.8 13,618 3,947 9,671 8,359 1,312 7,029 4,330 2,259 1.96 1.07 — — — 1981 78.3 15,054 4,431 10,623 9,224 1,399 7,876 4,595 2,583 1.85 1.08 — — — 1982 77.0 16,407 5,058 11,349 9,862 1,488 8,647 4,768 2,993 1.75 1.16 — — — 1983 78.0 17,575 5,681 11,894 10,385 1,509 9,265 5,061 3,249 1.67 1.17 — — — 1984 81.9 19,685 6,424 13,261 11,666 1,595 10,610 5,405 3,671 1.66 1.21 — — — 1985 84.3 22,217 7,498 14,719 13,060 1,659 12,341 5,744 4,132 1.82 1.30 — — — 1986 86.0 24,613 8,642 15,971 14,328 1,643 13,827 6,248 4,538 1.99 1.37 — — — 1987 88.4 27,317 9,912 17,406 15,775 1,631 15,453 6,782 5,082 2.07 1.43 — — — 1988 91.3 30,703 11,518 19,215 17,613 1,602 17,512 7,447 5,744 2.16 1.49 — — — 1989 93.7 34,316 13,424 20,892 19,171 1,721 19,918 7,965 6,433 2.27 1.58 103.9 2.04 1.43 1990 95.1 38,237 15,187 23,051 21,212 1,839 22,222 8,766 7,249 2.36 1.66 105.5 2.13 1.49 1991 93.6 42,170 16,832 25,337 23,373 1,964 24,515 9,711 7,944 2.40 1.79 103.7 2.16 1.64 1992 94.6 45,668 18,252 26,408 24,410 1,998 25,280 10,664 9,724 2.39 1.86 104.3 2.13 1.66 1993 96.1 45,330 17,521 25,403 23,450 1,952 24,129 10,578 10,623 2.44 1.78 106.2 2.17 1.58 1994 99.0 44,586 17,194 27,503 25,458 2,045 22,306 10,753 11,527 2.30 1.70 109.4 2.05 1.52 1995 102.1 43,373 16,733 26,779 24,800 1,979 21,145 10,996 11,232 2.05 1.56 112.8 1.83 1.39 1996 — 42,065 16,609 25,456 — — 20,510 10,700 10,855 — — 114.6 1.67 1.28 1997 — 40,586 15,447 25,139 — — 20,617 10,097 9,872 — — 117.7 1.46 1.14 1998 — 41,693 16,427 25,266 — — 22,215 10,352 9,126 — — 120.9 1.35 1.08
SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS Series Bf511–524 787 1 Sharp jump between 1970 and 1973 is in large part the result of the introduction of the federal Black Lung Benefits program. Sources For series Bf511–521, 1939–1967, Alfred M. Skolnik and Daniel N. Price, “Another Look at Workmen’s Compensation,” Social Security Bulletin 33 (October 1970): 3–25; 1968–1991, U.S. Social Security Administration, Social Security Bulletin, Annual Statistical Supplement (1994), Table 9.B1, p. 333; 1992–1993, Jack Schmulowitz, “Workers’ Compensation: Coverage, Benefits, and Costs, 1992–93,” Social Security Bulletin 58 (Summer 1995): 51–7. The Social Security Administration stopped collecting and publishing these data in 1995. The National Academy of Social Insurance (NASI) with the help of Jack Schmulowitz published updated information for 1994 and 1995 in National Academy of Social Insurance, “Workers’ Compensation: Benefits, Coverage and Costs, 1994–1995 New Estimates.” For series Bf512 and Bf517–519 for years 1987 through 1998 and for series Bf522–524, National Academy of Social Insurance, “Workers’ Compensation: Benefits, Coverage and Costs, 1997–1998 New Estimates.” The publication is available at the NASI Internet site. The NASI continues to publish annual updates. Documentation Workers’ compensation programs provide medical and hospital care and income-maintenance protection to workers whose disabilities are the result of work-related injuries or illnesses. The programs also provide survivor benefits to the dependents of deceased workers whose deaths result from job-related accidents and/or occupational diseases. The first permanent workers’ compensation law was established by the Federal Employer Liability Act in 1908, which provided limited benefits for certain federal employees engaged in hazardous work. Nine states had enacted their own workers’ compensation laws by 1911, forty-one states by 1920, forty-four by 1930, forty-six prior to 1939, and all forty-eight by 1948. Alaska and Hawai’i each adopted workers’ compensation in 1915 as territories, long before becoming states in 1959. The figures include estimated payments under state worker’s compensation laws (forty-six states in 1939; forty-eight states, 1948–1957; fifty states after Alaska and Hawai’i are included from 1959 to the present) and under federal workers’ compensation laws covering employees of the federal government, private employees in the District of Columbia, and longshoremen and harbor workers. Beginning in 1970, the data include the federal Black Lung Benefits program for disabled coal miners and their dependents. Most of the state workers’ compensation laws exempt employment in agriculture, domestic service, and casual labor; about half exempt employers who have fewer than a specified number of employees. In the original laws, occupational diseases were not covered. The number of laws covering occupational diseases expanded. For the past fifty years nearly all states have made occupational diseases, or at least specified diseases, compensable. To make certain that benefit payments will be made when due, the covered employer is required by law to obtain insurance from a private insurance carrier or from a state insurance fund or to give proof of his qualifications to carry his own risk, which is known as self-insurance. There is substantial variation in the benefit payments across states. Detailed descriptions of the benefit rules are published annually by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce in Analysis of Workers’ Compensation Laws and the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in Workers’ Compensation Laws. Estimates of workers’ compensation payments depend on a variety of sources of published information, supplemented by correspondence with state agencies. Data on payments by private insurance companies and some of the competitive state funds are obtained from annual issues of Spectator: Insurance by States of Fire, Marine, Casualty, Surety and Miscellaneous Lines and from the A. M. Best Company. Data on payments made by the remaining state funds are obtained from annual or biennial reports issued by state workmen’s compensation bureaus or divisions, or state insurance departments, and from the annual publication of the Bureau of the Census, State Government Finances. Data on payments by selfinsurers in some states are obtained directly from state reports. For most states, however, estimates are calculated using one of several ratios (for example, reported accidents, claims filed, taxes paid) that exist between firms that are insured with private carriers or state funds and firms that self-insure. For more details on estimation procedures in the 1990s, see the publications by the NASI in the source listings. Series Bf511. Estimates are monthly averages. Series Bf512. The sum of series Bf513–514, although the sums during the 1990s may not match series Bf512 because published sources provide more recent updates for series Bf512 than for the subcategories. It is also the sum of series Bf517–519. Series Bf512–519. After 1992, includes estimated benefits paid under deductible provisions. Provisions for payments of deductibles are a relatively new development of the 1990s, and data were not previously available. Series Bf514. The sum of series Bf515–516. Series Bf517. Net cash and medical benefits paid by private insurance companies under standard workers’ compensation policies. Series Bf518. Includes net cash and medical benefits paid by competitive and exclusive state funds and federal workers’ compensation programs, and, starting in 1970, cash benefits paid by the federal Black Lung Benefits program. Data for fiscal years for some funds. Series Bf519. Cash and medical benefits paid by self-insurers plus the value of medical benefits paid by employers carrying workers’ compensation policies that exclude standard medical coverage. Estimated from available state data. Series Bf520. Includes benefits paid by self-insurers with an additional 5–10 percent added to allow for administrative costs plus the premiums written by private carriers and state funds. Also includes benefits paid and administrative costs of federal system for government employees. According to Schmulowitz (1992, notes to Tables 5 and 6, p. 57), this includes the portion of the federal Black Lung Benefits program financed from employer contributions. This series equals the sum of benefits divided by the size of the covered payroll. Series Bf521. Excludes programs financed from general revenue – most federal Black Lung Benefits programs and supplemental pensions in a few states. Through 1991, the sources give this figure directly. In updates for 1992–1995, this figure was calculated as benefits per $1 of cost multiplied by cost per $100 of payroll. Series Bf522–524. These are estimates for coverage of workers and, consequently, employers’ costs and benefits per $100 of payroll based on the methods for estimating coverage used in the publications from the NASI. These are the estimates that will be updated in future years. For descriptions of the difference in the procedures for estimating these series, see the NASI publication for 1994–1995 in the source notes (pp. 9–13).
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CHAPTER Bf Social Insurance and Pub
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PUBLIC ASSISTANCE: COLONIAL TIMES T
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SOCIAL WELFARE: 1929 TO THE PRESENT
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 17-22 721 TAB
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 23-27 723 TAB
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 34-149 725 TA
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 34-149 727 TA
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POOR RELIEF Series Bf 156-175 729 T
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Page 43 and 44: SOCIAL WELFARE EXPENDITURES Series
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Social Insurance and Public Assistance

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