Social Insurance and Public Assistance

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730 Series Bf 156–175 Bf SOCIAL INSURANCE AND PUBLIC ASSISTANCE TABLE Bf 156–175 Local public poor relief expenditures and the value of pauper labor in New York State and New York City, by type of relief: 1840–1895 Continued New York State, excluding New York City Local public expenditures Population of counties covered by public poor relief data Public relief – Connected with county and Value of including or excluding city poorhouses – including pauper labor New York poorhouse repairs or excluding poorhouse in city State, and improvements repairs and improvements Temporary and county New York excluding Including Excluding outdoor relief Including Excluding poorhouses State New York City Bf168 Bf169 Bf170 Bf171 Bf172 Bf173 Bf174 Bf175 Year Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Number Number 1840 — 304,913 118,296 — 186,617 28,500 2,210,040 1,897,330 1841 — 312,217 126,145 — 186,072 27,660 2,264,902 1,941,278 1842 — 315,605 136,234 — 179,371 29,632 2,284,270 1,949,352 1843 — 365,833 184,457 — 181,376 31,912 2,375,145 2,028,538 1844 — 332,789 163,409 — 169,380 31,754 2,256,578 1,897,874 1846 — 332,529 159,997 — 172,532 35,075 2,552,473 2,156,048 1847 — 362,730 161,643 — 201,087 25,951 2,672,359 2,249,020 1848 — 360,124 177,103 — 183,021 32,046 — 2,027,248 1849 — 489,477 240,254 — 249,223 31,155 2,837,114 2,354,345 1850 — 459,078 219,475 — 239,603 36,277 2,764,045 2,248,498 1851 — 522,426 268,454 — 253,972 32,590 2,777,283 2,240,660 1852 — 635,266 318,625 — 316,641 39,272 2,900,492 2,341,931 1853 — 634,688 263,629 — 371,059 30,115 2,781,408 2,200,012 1854 — 711,095 296,395 — 414,700 26,647 2,920,427 2,315,263 1855 — 871,123 382,623 — 488,500 24,382 3,056,005 2,426,101 1856 — 873,296 360,290 — 513,006 27,305 3,142,345 2,479,352 1857 — 789,577 334,627 — 454,950 22,920 2,966,809 2,268,988 1858 — 934,386 485,271 — 449,115 24,953 3,283,127 2,548,650 1859 — 861,265 474,809 — 386,456 28,223 3,418,462 2,645,402 1860 — 812,172 435,718 — 376,454 38,448 3,313,667 2,499,998 1861 — 820,102 416,027 — 404,075 23,766 3,283,893 2,488,482 1862 — 782,721 380,969 — 401,752 26,667 3,175,676 2,398,113 1863 — 942,988 467,960 — 475,028 40,264 3,323,461 2,563,346 1864 — 1,306,201 582,456 — 723,745 33,170 3,469,725 2,726,666 1865 — 1,511,038 656,284 — 854,754 27,495 3,424,714 2,698,328 1866 — 1,503,989 650,198 — 853,791 29,105 3,358,869 2,593,676 1867 — 1,637,154 689,399 — 947,755 31,555 3,698,820 2,892,746 1868 — 1,694,807 753,016 — 941,791 36,041 3,578,741 2,729,603 1869 — 1,609,732 738,198 — 871,534 25,849 3,666,146 2,771,643 1870 1,810,886 1,675,235 790,449 1,020,437 884,786 32,537 3,978,362 3,036,070 1871 1,523,134 1,427,963 592,755 930,379 835,208 27,526 3,841,832 2,880,414 1872 1,443,628 1,390,280 643,108 800,520 747,172 30,247 3,861,122 2,880,189 1873 1,703,157 1,674,684 737,793 965,364 936,891 33,255 4,216,052 3,215,209 1874 1,858,043 1,747,757 919,844 938,199 827,913 37,345 4,086,236 3,065,077 1875 1,810,545 1,746,508 849,150 961,395 897,358 32,537 4,336,503 3,294,617 1876 1,776,730 1,740,014 857,482 919,248 882,532 27,526 4,525,032 3,452,162 1877 1,938,370 1,871,817 1,011,983 926,387 859,834 30,247 4,479,337 3,374,601 1878 1,763,724 1,682,095 879,020 884,704 803,075 33,255 4,584,337 3,446,707 1879 1,575,805 1,510,257 728,857 846,948 781,400 37,345 4,617,888 3,446,427 1880 1,447,511 1,116,749 684,557 762,954 432,192 73,622 4,413,530 3,207,231 1881 1,208,520 1,088,071 669,639 538,881 418,432 42,410 2,634,505 2,634,505 1882 1,259,676 1,214,267 609,479 650,197 604,788 34,507 2,951,550 2,951,550 1883 1,588,970 1,527,895 579,429 1,009,541 948,466 63,106 6,495,255 5,203,536 1884 1,619,349 1,550,556 612,310 1,007,039 938,246 73,934 4,888,560 3,567,044 1885 1,713,287 1,648,970 669,414 1,043,873 979,556 85,462 4,992,472 3,640,471 1886 1,771,047 1,713,357 736,988 1,034,059 976,369 86,460 5,049,364 3,666,176 1887 1,744,531 1,685,243 664,706 1,079,825 1,020,537 101,928 5,273,216 3,858,121 1888 1,899,357 1,833,278 693,980 1,205,377 1,139,298 97,557 5,477,201 4,029,463 1889 1,998,952 1,929,908 680,414 1,318,538 1,249,494 98,822 5,526,731 4,045,596 1890 1,401,590 1,361,147 670,886 730,704 690,261 66,987 4,799,547 3,284,246 1891 2,056,606 1,971,553 670,536 1,386,070 1,301,017 93,603 5,515,215 3,953,373 1892 2,025,339 1,951,028 623,369 1,401,970 1,327,659 124,636 5,674,781 4,064,968 1893 2,067,288 1,897,386 631,698 1,435,590 1,265,688 80,255 5,791,579 4,132,323 1894 2,111,138 1,978,983 675,988 1,435,150 1,302,995 104,187 5,951,105 4,240,886 1895 2,024,954 1,945,108 683,654 1,341,300 1,261,454 97,535 5,883,048 4,120,301 (continued)
POOR RELIEF Series Bf 156–175 731 TABLE Bf 156–175 Local public poor relief expenditures and the value of pauper labor in New York State and New York City, by type of relief: 1840–1895 Continued Sources Previously unpublished data compiled from the following sources: New York Secretary of State, Annual Reports of the Secretary of State in Relation to the Statistics of the Poor, 1831–1896, in New York State Legislature, Assembly, Assembly Documents 1831, volume 1, number 66; 1832, volume 1, number 33; 1833, volume 2, number 38; 1834, volume 3, number 173; 1835, volume 3, number 185; 1836, volume 2, number 72; 1837, volume 3, number 270; 1838, volume 6, number 311; 1839, volume 3, number 146; 1840, volume 8, number 332; 1841, volume 7, number 227; 1842, volume 5, number 121; 1843, volume 2, number 38; 1845, volume 5, number 197; 1850, volume 6, number 169; 1851, volume 5, number 147; 1853, volume 6, number 120; 1854, volume 4, number 144; 1856, volume 5, number 214; 1858, volume 1, number 10; 1859, volume 3, number 101; 1860, volume 2, number 71; 1861, volume 2, number 60; 1863, volume 8, number 230; 1864, volume 8, number 198; 1865, volume 7, number 147; 1866, volume 7, number 165; 1867, volume 7, number 145; 1868, volume 9, number 88; 1869, volume 6, number 79; 1870, volume 6, number 124; 1871, volume 3, number 46; 1872, volume 3, number 48; 1873, volume 3, number 32; 1877, volume 9, number 142; 1880, volume 3, number 62; 1881, volume 4, number 64; 1882, volume 2, number 34; 1884, volume 5, number 59; 1885, volume 5, number 45; 1886, volume 3, number 45; 1887, volume 7, number 46; 1890, volume 10, number 58; 1891, volume 12, number 60; 1892, volume 6, number 43; 1893, volume 10, number 58; 1894, volume 10, number 72; 1895, volume 13, number 74; 1896, volume 18, number 84; and New York State Legislature, Senate, Senate Documents, 1844, volume 2, number 73; 1847, volume 3, number 100; 1848, volume 3, number 79; 1849, volume 3, number 83; 1855, volume 3, number 72; 1857, volume 4, number 131; 1862, volume 4, number 65; 1874, volume 4, number 62; 1875, volume 4, number 52; 1876, volume 3, number 46; 1878, volume 2, number 28; 1879, volume 2, number 34; 1883, volume 2, number 25; 1888, volume 5, number 44; and 1889, volume 6, number 40. Documentation See the essay in this chapter on public assistance, colonial times to the 1920s, for additional information on public relief in New York. Five-year averages of real public relief expenditures per recipient and per capita appear in Joan Underhill Hannon, “Shutting Down Welfare: Two Cases from America’s Past,” Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 37 (2) (1997): 419–38. Data reported here reflect minor revisions and corrections to the real relief expenditures per capita and per recipient and the poorhouse expenditures as a share of total reported as five-year averages by region for the period 1835–1859 in Joan Underhill Hannon, “Poor Relief Policy in Antebellum New York State: The Rise and Decline of the Poorhouse,” Explorations in Economic History 22 (Academic Press, 1985), pp. 233–56, and in Joan Underhill Hannon, “The Generosity of Antebellum Poor Relief,” Journal of Economic History 44 (3) (1984): 810–21. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, state law gradually transferred some categories of relief recipients out of the system covered by the series on local relief expenditures. Most significantly, an 1865 act required the removal of insane paupers from poorhouses to state asylums, and an 1875 act mandated the removal of children from poorhouses to orphanages or other charitable institutions. Though local governments paid for the support of the insane and children in these institutions, these expenditures are not included in the data on local public relief expenditures, series Bf156–173. Some evidence on their magnitude is reported in Hannon (1997). Tables B and C in each Annual Report from 1840 to 1895 provide the data on expenses connected with county poorhouses and expenses of administering temporary relief in total and for various subcomponents by county and for the whole state. The reported state totals are not used here for several reasons. First, each year some counties failed to report on some or all expenditure categories; the published state totals simply treat such missing data as zeros. Second, to have series on expenditures that cover the same counties each year as the data on recipients, series Bf176–187, counties that failed to report or reported internally inconsistent data on recipients were eliminated. The public relief expenditure data, series Bf156–173, and the public relief recipient data, series Bf176–187, cover the same set of counties for which consistent and complete data were available in any given year, but the included counties vary slightly from year to year. In no year do the covered counties represent less than 80 percent of the state’s non–New York City population; but year-to-year fluctuations in the level of expenditures may reflect changes in county coverage, and per capita figures should not be calculated using total state population in the denominator. For this purpose, series Bf174–175 provide the population of counties covered by public poor relief data for New York State and for the state excluding New York City, assuming constant exponential population growth in each county between census years. Prior to 1870, the reported subcomponents of poorhouse expenditures are payments to superintendents of the poor, payments to keepers and poorhouse officers, payments to constables and other officers, payments for supplies for the county poorhouse, payments for transportation of paupers, payments to physicians for attendance and medicine, and miscellaneous expenses connected with the poorhouse. The total of these components is included in the series on poorhouse expenditures excluding repairs and improvements of buildings and grounds, series Bf160, Bf166, and Bf172. In 1870, an additional category, expenditures for repairs and improvements of buildings and grounds, appears, providing the basis for the series on poorhouse expenditures including repairs and improvements of buildings and grounds, series Bf159, Bf165, and Bf171. Series including or excluding poorhouse repairs and improvements refer to expenditures for both poorhouse buildings and grounds. Series Bf156–157, Bf162–163, and Bf168–169. The series on total expenditures including and excluding repairs and improvements are the sum of the poorhouse and temporary outdoor relief columns. The data on expenditure subcomponents are used to divide both poorhouse and outdoor relief expenditures between administrative and direct relief costs in Hannon (1997). Series Bf158 and Bf164–165. The subcomponents included in the series on expenditures for temporary outdoor relief are payments to overseers of the poor for their services, payments to justices of the peace for their services, and payments for relieving indigent persons temporarily not included in the two foregoing. Series Bf161, Bf167, and Bf173. Many county poorhouses maintained farms on which residents worked. Pauper labor was also used in the daily operations of the poorhouse; and picking oakum, breaking stones, or chopping wood were common winter tasks. The series on the value of pauper labor in the poorhouse are from Table D of each year’s Annual Report on Statistics of the Poor.
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Page 3 and 4: PUBLIC ASSISTANCE: COLONIAL TIMES T
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PRIVATE WELFARE Series Bf773-785 82
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