Jiva

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MIND, MATTER AND GOD : JIVA, JADA AND ISVARA M.M.NINAN pain—and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends. He taught that pleasure and pain are the measures of what is good and evil; death is the end of both body and soul and should therefore not be feared; the gods do not reward or punish humans; the universe is infinite and eternal; and events in the world are ultimately based on the motions and interactions of atoms moving in empty space. The fundamental constituents of the world were indivisible little bits of matter (atoms, Greek atomos, indivisible) flying through empty space (kenos). Everything that occurs is the result of the atoms colliding, rebounding and becoming entangled with one another, with no purpose or plan behind their motions. His theory differs from the earlier atomism of Democritus because he admits that atoms do not always follow straight lines but their direction of motion may occasionally exhibit a 'swerve' (clinamen). This allowed him to avoid the determinism implicit in the earlier atomism and to affirm free will. (Compare this with the modern theory of quantum physics, which postulates a non-deterministic random motion of fundamental particles, which do not swerve absent an external force; randomness originates in interaction of particles in incompatible eigenstates.). Karl Marx's doctoral thesis was on "The Difference between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature." Lucretius's (c. 100 to 90–c. 55 to 53 B.C.E.) poem De rerum natura (On the nature of things) had the most developed exposition of ancient atomism and introducing Epicurean philosophy. 30
MIND, MATTER AND GOD : JIVA, JADA AND ISVARA M.M.NINAN Among the Hindu thought is also the Materialistic Philosophy, which most people tend to discard as non-existent. However in as much as there was Sanatana Dharma (Eternal Duties) there existed within it and side by side of it the Carvaka, and their doctrine that this world is all that exists. This doctrine is called Lokayata (Popular consensus). It is thought that Carvarka comes from the root caru (beautiful) vak (talk). cārvi, means ‘intelligence’ which leads to the translation of carvaka as rationalism corresponding to the “Yukthi Vadi” movement of the 20 th century. Majority of common populance were not really concerned with the mukthi - which was a long shot after many a births anyway - but were concerned about the here and now. Pragmaticaly the name Lokayata (the way of the world; Lokāyatika means world wide system) came to mean the existential realism. Cārvāka emerged as an alternative to the orthodox Hindu pro- Vedic Āstika (theistic) schools, as well as a philosophical predecessor to subsequent or contemporaneous nāstika (atheistic) philosophies such as Ājīvika, Jainism and Buddhism (the latter two later spinning off into what may be described today as 31
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Prof. Madathilparampil Mammen Ninan
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Life, Legacy and the Theology of Dr
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Jiva

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