Horticulture Principles and Practices

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful to Jeanne Bronson, whose persistence inspired me to undertake the first edition of this project. I extend sincere thanks to the management of TLC Greenhouse of Edmond, Oklahoma, for allowing me free access to its facilities for many of the photos. I also want to acknowledge and thank reviewers of the text, who provided valuable feedback that was extremely helpful in shaping the outcome of this fourth edition. They are Gary Bachman, Illinois State University; David Berle, University of Georgia; Cindy Burgess, Dickinson State University; Charles Drake, Ferris State University; Philip Gibson, Gwinnett Tech College; John Kahre, Oklahoma State University; Mel Knapton, Century College—White Bear Lake; Donna Rankin, Metropolitan Community College; George Rogers, Palm Beach Community College; Jerry Sites, Arkansas State University; Charles Tarrants, SUNY A&T College, Delhi; and Michael Toscano, San Joaquin Delta College. The highlights contributed by professionals add a unique perspective to selected topics in the book for which I am very grateful. They have been identified and acknowledged in the list of contributors. Finally, I thank Nana Nyame for his guidance, support, and help throughout the entire project. Paul Fanz North Carolina State University Department of Horticultural Science Box 760g Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 Ethan Waltermire Colorado Seed Laboratory Campus Delivery 1170 Fort Collins, CO 80523-1170 INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS CONTRIBUTORS Louis D. Albright Professor of Biological and Environmental Engineering and Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellow 304 Riley-Rob Hall Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-5701 Michael L. Parker Associate Professor North Carolina State University Department of Horticultural Science Box 7609 Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 A. J. Both Associate Extension Specialist Rutgers, State University of New Jersey Bioresource Engineering Department of Plant Biology and Pathology 20 Ag Extension Way New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8500 Preface xxiii
Michael Orzolek Pennsylvania State University 203 Tyson Building University Park, PA 16802 Allan Storjohann Myriad Botanical Gardens 100 Myriad Gardens Oklahoma City, OK 73102 Terri W. Starman Department of Horticultural Sciences Room 202 Horticultural/Forest Science Bldg. 2133 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-2133 Bill McKinley Associate Dean, Career Technologies Kishwaukee College 21193 Malta Rd. Malta, IL 60150 Clark Williams Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Langston University P. O. 1500 Langston, OK 73050 Raymond Faucette Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Langston University P. O. 1500 Langston, OK 73050 Kanyand Matand Center for Biotechnology Research and Education Langston University P. O. 1500 Langston, OK 73050 David Berle Department of Horticulture University of Georgia 1111 Plant Science Bldg. Athens, GA 30602-7273 xxiv Preface
Page 2 and 3: HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
Page 4 and 5: HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
Page 6 and 7: With love to Theresa, quarterback;
Page 8 and 9: Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
Page 10 and 11: Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
Page 12 and 13: 5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
Page 14 and 15: 8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
Page 16 and 17: 12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
Page 18 and 19: PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
Page 20 and 21: 22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
Page 22 and 23: Preface Horticulture is the area of
Page 26 and 27: PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
Page 28 and 29: 1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
Page 30 and 31: (a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
Page 32 and 33: FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
Page 34 and 35: CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
Page 36 and 37: FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
Page 38 and 39: FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
Page 40 and 41: FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
Page 42 and 43: 1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
Page 44 and 45: 1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
Page 46 and 47: TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
Page 48 and 49: Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
Page 50 and 51: What Is Horticulture? This site pro
Page 52 and 53: Examples of botanical gardens http:
Page 54 and 55: 2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
Page 56 and 57: Eight major taxa are commonly used
Page 58 and 59: TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
Page 60 and 61: HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
Page 62 and 63: AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
Page 64 and 65: possible system of nomenclature. Ho
Page 66 and 67: TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
Page 68 and 69: 2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
Page 70 and 71: 2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
Page 72 and 73: Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
Page 76 and 77:
2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
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Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
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e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
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eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
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Before the seed or product becomes
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6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
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7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
Page 372 and 373:
TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
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perfection about four to six weeks
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FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
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TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
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12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
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Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
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greenhouses equipped with a variety
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FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
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or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
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FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
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Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
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FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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knowledge, with concern for resourc
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
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GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
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the landscape. Some very successful
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Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
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FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
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How frequently do they entertain? A
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the patio should be located on the
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15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
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Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
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Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
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SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
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3. Supply materials on a timely bas
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such as preparation rooms (for mixi
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of environmental fluctuations. Furt
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FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
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17 Installation of the Landscape PU
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for walks, driveways, and patios (F
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Planting may be limited to accentin
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17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
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FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
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SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
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TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
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TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
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they determine the success and surv
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12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
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pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
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y winds. A stake, which is often a
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TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
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TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
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Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
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Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
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may be divided such that each secti
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FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
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Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
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Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
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Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
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The seed should be free from weeds
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Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
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A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
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way, plants are able to adapt to th
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form of a can placed on the lawn wi
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TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
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even surface soil surface for layin
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MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
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Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
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4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
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19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
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defeat the purpose of pruning. The
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Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
Page 614 and 615:
Summer pruning eliminates an energy
Page 616 and 617:
a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
Page 620 and 621:
FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
Page 622 and 623:
years to promote continued lateral
Page 624 and 625:
Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
Page 626 and 627:
19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
Page 628 and 629:
FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
Page 630 and 631:
pyramid-like form that is wider at
Page 632 and 633:
After selecting the appropriate spe
Page 634 and 635:
PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
Page 636 and 637:
20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
Page 638 and 639:
The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
Page 644 and 645:
pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
Page 646 and 647:
square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
Page 648 and 649:
High tunnels help increase the prof
Page 650 and 651:
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
Page 654 and 655:
Establishing the Crop Planting into
Page 656 and 657:
home water supply from the tap. Thi
Page 658 and 659:
Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
Page 660 and 661:
6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
Page 666 and 667:
This toxin is heat resistant and no
Page 668 and 669:
large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
Page 670 and 671:
REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
Page 674 and 675:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
Page 676 and 677:
22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
Page 678 and 679:
22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
Page 680 and 681:
and the specific materials to be us
Page 682 and 683:
22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
Page 684 and 685:
preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
Page 688 and 689:
22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
Page 696 and 697:
Establishment and Management of an
Page 698 and 699:
night, freezing can occur in spring
Page 700 and 701:
accomplished by stratification. It
Page 702 and 703:
transmitted by the dagger nematode
Page 704 and 705:
PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
Page 708 and 709:
to more than four-fold in standard
Page 710 and 711:
Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
Page 712 and 713:
FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
Page 714 and 715:
Principle Definition Types (or Uses
Page 716 and 717:
pH value-a measure of the acidity o
Page 718 and 719:
FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
Page 722 and 723:
3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
Page 724 and 725:
Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
Page 726 and 727:
24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
Page 728 and 729:
25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
Page 730 and 731:
FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
Page 732 and 733:
FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
Page 734 and 735:
25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
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(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
Page 738 and 739:
TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
Page 740 and 741:
26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
Page 742 and 743:
Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
Page 744 and 745:
26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
Page 746 and 747:
27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
Page 748 and 749:
whereas oranges are picked (they ha
Page 750 and 751:
(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
Page 752 and 753:
To reduce packaging injury, contain
Page 754 and 755:
is replaced by the by-product of re
Page 756 and 757:
Stored produce may lose some color,
Page 758 and 759:
with pricing. When selling by volum
Page 760 and 761:
(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
Page 762 and 763:
APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
Page 764 and 765:
APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
Page 770 and 771:
GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Page 772 and 773:
Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
Page 774 and 775:
Floriculture The science and practi
Page 776 and 777:
M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
Page 780 and 781:
INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
Page 782 and 783:
defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
Page 784 and 785:
Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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