Horticulture Principles and Practices

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INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 ABA, 180 Abiotic factors, 95–111 Abscisic acid, 180 Accent plant accessory fruits, 46 Achene, 50 Acid rain, 97 Activators, 663 Active ingredient Adventitious roots, 282 Aerobic respiration, 165–167 Aeration, 563 Aerosols, 264 Aggregate fruits, 50 Agricultural limes, 114, 119 Air, 96 Air inversion, 96 Air layering, 334 Air pollution, 96 Allied horticultural industries, 17 Amarylllidaceae, 58 Amaryllis family, 58 Anaerobic respiration, 167 Angiosperm, 57, 58 Animalia, 31 Annual bedding plants, 53, 439 Annual rings, 85 Annuals, 43 Apiaceae, 59 Apical meristems, 71 Apomixis, 314 Apparent resistance, 237 Approach grafting, 231 Aracaceae, 58 Arboriculture, 16 Asexual propagation, 312–345 advantages, 313 adventitious rooting, 314 apomixis, 314 budding, 329, 330 cuttings, 314–321 disadvantages, 313–314 division, 337 grafting, 321–328 layering, 331–334 micropropagation, 340–344 separation, 335, 336 Athletics fields, 562 Attached greenhouse, 391 Auxins, 178, 179 B-horizon, 108 BA. 179 Backyard gardening, 612 Balled and burlapped, 507 Bare root trees 506, 527 Bark, 87, 88 Bark grafting, 325 Bark inclusion, 598 Barrel-vault greenhouse range, 393 Bedding plants, 53, 439 Belowground environment, 108–152 Benzyl adenine (BA), 179 Bermudagrass, Berry, 47 Biennials, 43 Binomial nomenclature, 30 Biological control, 255–257 Biological enemies, 214–239 birds, 233 bacteria, 231 common weeds, 217 disease, 230–238 disease resistance, 237, 238 fungi, 230 insects, 222–228 mycoplasmas, 232 nematodes, 233 parasitic plants, 216, 217 snails/slugs, 233 viruses, 231–232 weeds, 213–217 Biotechnology in plant breeding, 204–208 what is it?, 204 general steps, 205 breeding genetically modified cultivars, 208 use of molecular markers, 205, 206 success of genetic engineering, 206 the biotech debate, 206 tissue culture in plant breeding, 207, 208 Biotic factors, 95, 107 Birds, 211 Bonsai, 710–718 aging, 717 care/maintenance, 718 container, 714 defined, 710 design, 712 growing plants, 715 plant selection, 711 pruning, 717, 718 repotting, 719 seasonal maintenance, 713 tools, 713 training, 713–717 watering, 718 wiring, 715 Boron, 113 Bottle gardens, 705 Bramble fruits, 50 Brassicaceae, 58 Bridge grafting, 327 Bromeliads, 458 Budding, 329–333 Bud grafting, 329 Bulbs, 51, 537–540 C-horizon, 108 C 3 plants, 161–163 C 4 plants, 161–163 C:N ratio, 663 Cactaceae, 58 Cactus (cacti), 58, 461–469 what are they:, 461 popular cacti, 462–466 propagation, 466, 467 caring, 467 grafted, 468 Calcium, 112 Calcium carbonate, 119 CAM plants, 163 Capillary mat, 389 Carbohydrates, 157, 158 Carbon dioxide fertilization, 434, 435 Carbon dioxide fixation, 161 Cation exchange capacity (CEC), 110 Cations, 110 CEC, 110 Cells, 63–70 structure, 63 types, 68 cell wall, 64 Cell wall, 64 Central leader, 580 Central leader training system, 580 Centralized heating systems, 420 CFCs, 96 Chemigation, 125 Chip budding, 330 Chlorine, 113 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), 96 Chlorophyll, 161 Chloroplasts, 161 Chlorosis, 111 Classifying horticultural plants, 29–60 flowers, 56, 57 fruits, 46–50 hardiness (adaptation), 55, 56 history, 35–42 755
Classifying horticultural plants (Continued ) ICBN, 30 kingdom, 31–33 ornamental plants, 52, 55 rules of classification, 33, 34 seasonal growth cycle, 43, 44 stem growth forms, 45, 46 stems, 44 taxonomic groups, 30–34 vegetables, 51, 52 Cleft grafting, 326 Climate, 95 Clonally (vegetatively) propagation plants, 313 Cold frame, 399 Cold-sensitive plants, 99 Cole crops, 52 Colorado potato beetle, 228 Commercial landscaping, 476 Common weeds, 217, 218 Complex inheritance, 197 Composting, 660–670 activators, 663 C:N ratio, 663 compostable material, 662 decomposers, 661 indoor compost piles, 668 maintaining compost piles, 669 materials to avoid, 669 outdoor compost systems, 665 principles, 661 Compound layering, 332 Compressed-air tank sprayer, 265 Compression wood, 86 Conducting tissues, 70, 71 Conduction heat loss, 405, 406 Connected greenhouses, 393, 394 Contact herbicides, 271 Contact poisons, 262 Container nursery, 503 Container-grown trees, 503 Container plants, 503 Controlled-environment (greenhouse) horticulture, 345, 389 Convection heaters, 405 Cool-season grasses, 545 Cross-benching, 404 Cross-pollination, 198 Crossing plants, 201 Crown lifting, 578 Crown reduction, 577 Crown thinning, 577 Cucurbitaceae, 59 Cultivar, 33 Cut flowers, 38, 681–701 defined, 681 dried flowers, 698 flower arranging, 686 harvesting, 684 nutrition, 685 postharvest management, 684 pressed flowers, 700 species, 682 Cuttings, 314–325 types, 314–318 factors affecting roots, 318–321 transplanting, 321 Cycocel, 180 Cytokinins, 179 Daminozide, 180 de Candole, Pyrame, 30 Decreasing growth phase, 153 Dehiscent fruits, 48 Dendrochronology, 85 Desert cacti, 46 Detached greenhouse, 392 Detached-scion grafting, 321 Development, 142 Dicotyledons (dicot), 58, 59 Differentiation, 63 Direct seeding, 302 Diseases, 230–239 fungi, 230–231 bacteria, 231 viruses, 231 disease factors, 234–236 defense by plants, 236–237 genetic basis, 237–238 Disease resistance, 237–238 Disease triangle, 235–236 DNA, 196, 201 Downing, Andrew, 14 Drainage, 138, 139 Drip irrigation, 134 Drip line, 479 Drupe, 47 Dry fertilizers, 123 Dry fruit, 49, 50 Dutch-type A-frame greenhouse, 392 Edging, 557 Emulsifiable concentrates, 265 Epicormic shoots, 171 Epiphytes, 195 Epiphytic bromeliads, 459 Essential soil minerals for plants, 110–113 Ethylene, 179 Ethylene-sensitive species, 179 Etiolation, 102 Evaporative cooling systems, 423 Even-span greenhouse, 390, 391 Fan-and-pad cooling system, 423 Fertigation, 125 Fertilizer analysis, 118 Fertilizer calculations, 126 Fertilizer formulations, 117 Fertilizer nomenclature, 118 Fertilizer ratio, 118 Fertilizer recommendations, 121 Fertilizers, 117–120 Applying, 122–125 Calculations, 126 controlled-release, 118 defined, 116 dry application, 122 fertigation, 124 foliar application, 122 foliar analysis, 122 formulation, 117 form, 118 greenhouse, 126 inorganic, 117–119 liquid application, 118 nomenclature, 118 organic, 117 recommendations, 125 slow release, 118, 119 timing, 125 Fiberglass-reinforced plastic, 358 Field growing media, 140–145 Filler flowers, 696 Film plastic greenhouse, 396 Flash lighting, 106 Flats, 299 Fleshy fruits, 47, 48 Flood irrigation, 134 Floriculture, 6 Flower induction, 161 Flower initiation and development, 174 Flowers, 88–90 Focalization, 483 Foliar analysis, 122 Forced-air heaters, 419 Form flowers, 696 Formal garden, 486, 513 Freestanding even-span American design greenhouse, 392 Freestanding even-span Dutch design greenhouse, 392 Frost forecast, 99 Fruit and nut trees, 671 Fruit formation and development, 176 Fruit thinning, 178 Fruit ripening, 176 Fruits, 90 anatomy, 91 classification, 46, 47 Fumigants, 265 Fungi, 230 Fungicides, 245 Garden rooms, 361 Gene-for-gene concept, 238 Genetic engineering, 204 Genetics, 185 Genetic markers, 205, 206 Gene gun, 208 Genome, 196 Genotype, 196 Gericke’s system, 444 Germination, 287 Germination test, 287 Gibberellins, 179 Glare reductions, 496 Glass greenhouses, 396 Glazing, 395 Glycolysis, 165 Gothic arch-style greenhouse, 390 Gradual metamorphosis, 223–224 Grafted cacti, 468 Grafting, 321–328 nature, 321 when to use, 332 conditions for success, 324–325 methods, 325-328 Grass family, 57 Green manure, 664 Greenbelt, 491 Greenhouse effect, 107 Greenhouse gases, 107 Greenhouse fertilization, 432–434 Greenhouse production, 439 advantages/disadvantages, 439 bedding plants, 53 DIF, 441–442 foliage plants, 53 hydroponic production, 444–448 imports, 440 ground culture, 442 plug production, 448–450 production costs, 440–441 production regions, 439 production/marketing strategies, 441 soilless culture, 443–448 substrate culture, 447–448 Greenhouse range, 394 Greenhouses, 390–437 benches/beds, 401 cold frames/hotbeds, 339 construction, 394 cooling systems, 423 756 Index
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
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Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
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e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
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eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
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Before the seed or product becomes
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6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
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7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
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TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
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perfection about four to six weeks
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FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
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TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
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12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
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Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
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greenhouses equipped with a variety
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FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
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or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
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FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
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Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
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FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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knowledge, with concern for resourc
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
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GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
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the landscape. Some very successful
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Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
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FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
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How frequently do they entertain? A
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the patio should be located on the
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15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
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Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
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Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
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SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
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3. Supply materials on a timely bas
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such as preparation rooms (for mixi
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of environmental fluctuations. Furt
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FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
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17 Installation of the Landscape PU
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for walks, driveways, and patios (F
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Planting may be limited to accentin
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17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
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FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
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SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
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TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
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TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
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they determine the success and surv
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12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
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pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
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y winds. A stake, which is often a
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TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
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TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
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Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
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Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
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may be divided such that each secti
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FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
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Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
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Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
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Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
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The seed should be free from weeds
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Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
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A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
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way, plants are able to adapt to th
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form of a can placed on the lawn wi
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TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
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even surface soil surface for layin
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MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
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Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
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4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
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19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
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defeat the purpose of pruning. The
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Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
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Summer pruning eliminates an energy
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a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
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FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
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years to promote continued lateral
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Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
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19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
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FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
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pyramid-like form that is wider at
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After selecting the appropriate spe
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PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
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20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
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The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
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pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
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square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
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High tunnels help increase the prof
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
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Establishing the Crop Planting into
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home water supply from the tap. Thi
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Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
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REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
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22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
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22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
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preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
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22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
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Establishment and Management of an
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night, freezing can occur in spring
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accomplished by stratification. It
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transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
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to more than four-fold in standard
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Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
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FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
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Principle Definition Types (or Uses
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pH value-a measure of the acidity o
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FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
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Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
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24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
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25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
Page 730 and 731: FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
Page 732 and 733: FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
Page 734 and 735: 25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
Page 736 and 737: (a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
Page 738 and 739: TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
Page 740 and 741: 26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
Page 742 and 743: Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
Page 744 and 745: 26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
Page 746 and 747: 27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
Page 748 and 749: whereas oranges are picked (they ha
Page 750 and 751: (b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
Page 752 and 753: To reduce packaging injury, contain
Page 754 and 755: is replaced by the by-product of re
Page 756 and 757: Stored produce may lose some color,
Page 758 and 759: with pricing. When selling by volum
Page 760 and 761: (a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
Page 762 and 763: APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
Page 764 and 765: APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
Page 766 and 767: APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
Page 768 and 769: Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
Page 770 and 771: GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Page 772 and 773: Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
Page 774 and 775: Floriculture The science and practi
Page 776 and 777: M Macronutrient An essential elemen
Page 778 and 779: Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
Page 782 and 783: defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
Page 784 and 785: Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
Page 786 and 787: color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
Page 788 and 789: color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
Page 790 and 791: color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
Page 792 and 793: color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
Page 794 and 795: color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
Page 796 and 797: color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
Page 798 and 799: color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 806 and 807: color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
Page 808 and 809: color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
Page 810 and 811: color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
Page 812 and 813: color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
Page 816 and 817: color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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