Horticulture Principles and Practices

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TABLE 18–3 Some Common Lawn and Turf Diseases and Suggestions for Their Control 1. General problems (all grasses affected) Nematodes No chemical control Fairy rings No effective chemical control; remove infested patch and reseed Algae Use Mancozeb as needed Toadstools and mushrooms Drench spots with Dinocarp or Thiram Slime mold Use Mancozeb as needed 2. Fusarium blight Avoid excessive thatch buildup; use Benomyl 3. Brown patch (Rhizoctonia) Use Benomyl, Mancozeb, or Anilazine; avoid excessive nitrogen application 4. Pythium blight (Pythium) Use Zineb or Thiram; treat promptly 5. Dollar spot (Sclerotinia) Use Anilazine or Chlorothalonil 6. Crown rot (Helminthosporium) Use Anilazine or Chlorothalonil Grass FIGURE 18–11 lawn. Thatch in a Thatch Soil 18.5.7 DETHATCHING Thatch is an accumulation of old, dead grass; bits of unraked leaf; and other plant material above the soil (Figure 18–11). Beyond just being unsightly, excessive thatch reduces oxygen and moisture entry into the soil and harbors pests and diseases. Warm-season grass species produce more thatch than cool-season species. When thatch accumulates to more than 1/2 inch (1.3 centimeters), it should be removed. Lawns are dethatched when the grass is actively growing, which allows for quick recovery. A variety of dethatching tools exists, ranging from a simple thatch rake to motorized dethatchers. A dethatching rake is first run in one direction and then repeated in a perpendicular direction. Dethatching The removal of thatch. 18.6 COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE LAWN In the May 2007 issue of Consumer Reports, the top ten lawn problems were identified as follows: 1. Crabgrass. Being adaptable, vigorous, fast-growing, and competitive, crabgrass thrives best when the lawn is underfertilized and mowed too low. Corn gluten applied early in spring is an effective preventive measure. Other herbicides may be used. It is important to fertilize and water the lawn properly for the desired species to grow to keep the crabgrass in check. 2. Dandelions. Dandelions spread quickly and are persistent in the soil, possessing underground structures for propagation. To kill the plant, the large taproots must be destroyed or pulled out. It is critical to control the plant before it flowers and sets seed. Broadleaf herbicides such as dicamba and 2, 4-D are effective for chemical control. 18.6 Common Problems in the Lawn 561
3. Other weeds. Apart from being unsightly in the lawn, several grass weeds including dallisgrass, quackgrass, and tall fescue have the habit of forming patches and clumps in areas of the lawn where there is shade or excess moisture. No suitable elective herbicide control measures have been developed for these grass weeds. 4. Fungus. To treat fungal problems effectively, early identification is critical. If found out too late, it is a waste of time and money to invest in fungicides. 5. Moss. The presence of moss to a significant degree indicates the lawn is shaded, or the soil is wet, compacted, or acidic. Planting shade-tolerant species, aerating the soil, liming, and improving drainage are methods to control moss growth. 6. Excessive shade. Lawns are generally shade intolerant. Where trees occur in the landscape, excessive shading causes sparse growth under the trees. One measure to curb this incidence is to sow shade-tolerant grasses in those areas, or replace the grass with shade-tolerant ground covers. 7. Compacted soil. Soil compaction occurs as the people traverse the lawn during maintenance operations like mowing. Compacted soil impeded water infiltration and promotes poor rooting. For a small lawn, the homeowner may poke holes in the lawn with a pointed stick. However, the common treatment is to use machines (core aerators) to drill holes in the lawn. 8. Grubs. Grubs are larvae of beetles. They feed and destroy the roots of grasses, causing the plants to wilt and die, leaving brown patches in the lawn. A biological control method is the use of Heterorhabditis nematodes that can be purchased in a pastelike form. Some insecticides are also available. 9. Dog urine. Urine is high in nitrogen. When a house pet urinates on a spot, a high concentration of this chemical is deposited on a small areas, causing the grass to die in the areas receiving most of the urine, while the edges become dark green from nitrogen enrichment. 10. Moles. Moles are rodents that tunnel through the soil in search of grubs and worms. In the process, they leave unsightly trail of raised soil. These critters may be trapped or baited to kill them. 562 Chapter 18 Turf Production and Use 18.7 TURF FOR ATHLETIC PURPOSES Athletic fields are subjected to intense and rough traffic, especially in the cases of sports such as soccer and football. Sports such as golf are more gentle on the playing surface. Designers and managers of athletic fields take the wear and tear factors into account in planning the design and maintenance of a field. To reduce wear and tear, the game field should be reserved for playing only scheduled games, and not used for team practice, physical education classes, or marching band rehearsals. 18.7.1 SELECTION OF TURFGRASS AND INSTALLATION Selection of turfgrass for an athletic field should take into account the desired characteristics of the finished surface in terms of playability, safety, tolerances to traffic, durability, and ease of maintenance, among other factors. Turfgrass for athletic fields include warm-season grasses such as Bermuda grass and zoysiagrasses, as well as cold-tolerant ones like Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue. 18.7.2 INSTALLATION To ensure timely delivery, sod should be ordered from a reputable producer well in advance of the time of use. The site should be well prepared, free from all preexisting sod and weeds. A nonselective herbicide may be applied to remove all weeds effectively. A soil test should be conducted to determine the soil amendments needed for establishing a healthy turf. A light roller may be used to roll over the prepared field to provide an
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
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Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
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e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
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eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
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Before the seed or product becomes
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6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
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7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
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TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
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perfection about four to six weeks
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FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
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TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
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12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
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Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
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greenhouses equipped with a variety
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FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
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or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
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FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
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Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
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FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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knowledge, with concern for resourc
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
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GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
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the landscape. Some very successful
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Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
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FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
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How frequently do they entertain? A
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the patio should be located on the
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15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
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Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
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Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
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SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
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3. Supply materials on a timely bas
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such as preparation rooms (for mixi
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of environmental fluctuations. Furt
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FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
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17 Installation of the Landscape PU
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Page 538 and 539: Planting may be limited to accentin
Page 540 and 541: 17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
Page 542 and 543: FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
Page 544 and 545: SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
Page 546 and 547: TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
Page 548 and 549: TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
Page 550 and 551: they determine the success and surv
Page 552 and 553: 12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
Page 554 and 555: pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
Page 556 and 557: y winds. A stake, which is often a
Page 558 and 559: TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
Page 560 and 561: TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
Page 562 and 563: Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
Page 564 and 565: Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
Page 566 and 567: may be divided such that each secti
Page 568 and 569: FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
Page 570 and 571: Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
Page 572 and 573: Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
Page 574 and 575: Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
Page 576 and 577: The seed should be free from weeds
Page 578 and 579: Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
Page 580 and 581: A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
Page 582 and 583: way, plants are able to adapt to th
Page 584 and 585: form of a can placed on the lawn wi
Page 588 and 589: even surface soil surface for layin
Page 590 and 591: MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
Page 592 and 593: Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
Page 594 and 595: 4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
Page 596 and 597: 19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
Page 598 and 599: defeat the purpose of pruning. The
Page 600 and 601: Bud withers as cut end dries back d
Page 602 and 603: 19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
Page 604 and 605: Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
Page 606 and 607: 3. In the third and subsequent year
Page 608 and 609: (a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
Page 610 and 611: Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
Page 612 and 613: TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
Page 614 and 615: Summer pruning eliminates an energy
Page 616 and 617: a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
Page 618 and 619: FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
Page 620 and 621: FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
Page 622 and 623: years to promote continued lateral
Page 624 and 625: Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
Page 626 and 627: 19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
Page 628 and 629: FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
Page 630 and 631: pyramid-like form that is wider at
Page 632 and 633: After selecting the appropriate spe
Page 634 and 635: PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
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20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
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The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
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pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
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square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
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High tunnels help increase the prof
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
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Establishing the Crop Planting into
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home water supply from the tap. Thi
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Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
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REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
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22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
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22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
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preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
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22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
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Establishment and Management of an
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night, freezing can occur in spring
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accomplished by stratification. It
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transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
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to more than four-fold in standard
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Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
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FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
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Principle Definition Types (or Uses
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pH value-a measure of the acidity o
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FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
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Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
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24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
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25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
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FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
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FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
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25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
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(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
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TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
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26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
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Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
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26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
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27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
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whereas oranges are picked (they ha
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(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
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To reduce packaging injury, contain
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is replaced by the by-product of re
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Stored produce may lose some color,
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with pricing. When selling by volum
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(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
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APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
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APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
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GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
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Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
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Floriculture The science and practi
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M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
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INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
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defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
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Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
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color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
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color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
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color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
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color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
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color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
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color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
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color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
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color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
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color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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