Horticulture Principles and Practices

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Temperature and Humidity Wilting reduces the vase life of cut flowers. To reduce respiration and water loss, flowers should be held at temperatures between 0 and 7°C (32 and 45°F) immediately after harvesting until they are ready to be used. A relative humidity of about 90 percent should be maintained. Beading and droplets of water on flowers indicate excessive humidity, a condition that predisposes flowers to fungal attacks such as the gray mold caused by Botrytis. Water After harvesting, flower life depends on the availability of good-quality water and the capacity to absorb it. Hard water is harmful to cut flowers, as are fluoride, sodium, and sulfate salts when present in high concentrations. Whenever possible, cut flowers should be placed in warm (43°C [110°F]) deionized and distilled water of acidic reaction (pH 3 to 4). The pH of water can be lowered by adding citric acid to it. Acidic water not only improves water uptake but also has antiseptic properties, reducing infection of the cut surface, which is known to clog the xylem vessels and prevent water absorption. Passages are also blocked by trapped air bubbles. To correct these problems, flower stems should be recut under warm water using a sharp cutting instrument before being set in a vase or arranged for display. Some species, such as poppy and dahlia, require a flame treatment in which the cut surface is passed over a flame for a very brief period. This treatment hardens the sap. The milky sap that oozes from plants such as poppy clogs the stems of other species held in the same container unless flame treated. The leaves on the part of the stem that will be submerged in water in the vase should be removed. Depending on the moisture status, rehydration may take between thirty and sixty minutes to restore plants to full turgidity. Flowers that are purchased from a store or transported over a long distance often need rehydration. Flowers obtained from the home garden for use indoors can be maintained fresh by placing them in water immediately after cutting. Nutrition The nutrition of plants during growth is critical to the success of flowers after cutting. Flowers must be harvested at the right time, which is when they have accumulated enough sugars and starches to open and sustain them after cutting. During rehydration, sucrose may be added to the holding water to extend vase life and improve flower qualities. Commercially formulated floral preservatives that contain pH adjuster, biocide, wetting agent, food source, and water can be purchased from a local nursery store. Homemade concoctions such as 1 tablespoon of corn syrup plus 10 drops of household bleach in a quart of warm water may be used. Also, one part of soda (lemon-soda) plus two parts of water was developed at the University of California to extend vase life. These preservatives work because the sugar is nutritious and the lime reduces the pH of the water to suppress bacterial growth. Ethylene Reduction Ethylene is a by-product of gasoline or propane combustion and is emitted through vehicles’exhaust systems. More importantly, this chemical is a natural plant growth hormone involved in several physiological processes such as fruit ripening, seed maturation, aging, and wound healing. Certain flowers are ethylene sensitive (Table 24–4). In the presence of excessive amounts of the gas, flowers of these plants deteriorate rapidly. Ripening fruits and vegetables produce large amounts of ethylene and as such should not be stored or transported with cut flowers. Treatment with a commercial preparation of silver thiosulfate reduces the effects of ethylene on cut flowers. 24.2 Culture 685
TABLE 24–4 Plant Astroemeria Carnation Celosia Delphinium Larkspur Freesia Gladiolus Baby’s breath Lily Phlox Snapdragon Stock Speedwell Moneywort Selected Ethylene-Sensitive Species Used for Cut Flowers Scientific Name Astroemeria spp. Dianthus caryophylus Celosia spp. Delphinium elatum Delphinium spp. Freesia spp. Gladiolus spp. Gypsophila paniculata Lilium longiflorum Phlox spp. Antirrhinum majus Matthiola spp. Veronica spicata Lysimachia nummularia Diseases In an attempt to reduce moisture loss, cut flowers should be kept under humid conditions. However, high humidity provides an environment that is conducive to the growth of gray mold (Botrytis). 24.3 FLOWER ARRANGING Flower design and arranging is an art whose success depends on the observation of certain basic principles, similar to those for landscape designing. Throwing a couple of flowers together in a bunch produces a bouquet, but it takes creativity to use flowers to make a statement, influence mood, or enhance the ambience and general decor of a place. Floral designers can create flower arrangements for specific occasions. Arrangements are designed for happy occasions such as weddings and sad ones such as funerals. Flowers such as roses may be displayed individually in tiny vases and thus do not require arranging. 24.3.1 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN Even though flower arranging is an art, the following principles underlie basic floral designs. These basic principles are described in detail in Chapter 15, as pertaining to landscape design. Balance Balance in a design is sought both in physical and visual terms. To achieve balance, the plant materials need to be physically equally distributed about an imaginary central axis or perceived as such. Balance in design relates to the display’s visual weight projected to the viewer. In a symmetrical design, viewers on opposite sides of a display see similar things; asymmetrical designs do not offer the same view from two different angles. The centerpiece for a formal dinner may be arranged in a symmetrical design. Balance is critical in a design because it is a major element that makes a design beautiful. 686 Chapter 24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design
Page 2 and 3:
HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
Page 4 and 5:
HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
Page 6 and 7:
With love to Theresa, quarterback;
Page 8 and 9:
Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
Page 10 and 11:
Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
Page 12 and 13:
5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
Page 14 and 15:
8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
Page 16 and 17:
12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
Page 18 and 19:
PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
Page 20 and 21:
22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
Page 22 and 23:
Preface Horticulture is the area of
Page 24 and 25:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
Page 26 and 27:
PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
Page 28 and 29:
1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
Page 30 and 31:
(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
Page 32 and 33:
FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
Page 34 and 35:
CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
Page 36 and 37:
FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
Page 38 and 39:
FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
Page 40 and 41:
FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
Page 42 and 43:
1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
Page 44 and 45:
1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
Page 46 and 47:
TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
Page 48 and 49:
Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
Page 50 and 51:
What Is Horticulture? This site pro
Page 52 and 53:
Examples of botanical gardens http:
Page 54 and 55:
2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
Page 56 and 57:
Eight major taxa are commonly used
Page 58 and 59:
TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
Page 60 and 61:
HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
Page 62 and 63:
AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
Page 64 and 65:
possible system of nomenclature. Ho
Page 66 and 67:
TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
Page 68 and 69:
2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
Page 70 and 71:
2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
Page 72 and 73:
Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
Page 74 and 75:
FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
Page 76 and 77:
2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
Page 78 and 79:
(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
Page 80 and 81:
FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
Page 82 and 83:
FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
Page 84 and 85:
such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
Page 86 and 87:
c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
Page 88 and 89:
Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
Page 90 and 91:
ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
Page 92 and 93:
called cristae; this extreme foldin
Page 94 and 95:
By virtue of its position, the prim
Page 96 and 97:
Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
Page 98 and 99:
(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
Page 100 and 101:
Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
Page 102 and 103:
Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
Page 104 and 105:
usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
Page 106 and 107:
FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
Page 108 and 109:
FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
Page 110 and 111:
absorption of water and minerals fr
Page 112 and 113:
Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
Page 114 and 115:
Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
Page 116 and 117:
Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
Page 118 and 119:
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
Page 120 and 121:
4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
Page 122 and 123:
concentration in the atmosphere.A c
Page 124 and 125:
TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
Page 126 and 127:
and upward. Another important gener
Page 128 and 129:
Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
Page 130 and 131:
and plants that flower under only c
Page 132 and 133:
times of the year. Growers start th
Page 134 and 135:
content. This section is sometimes
Page 136 and 137:
TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
Page 138 and 139:
Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
Page 140 and 141:
Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
Page 142 and 143:
4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
Page 144 and 145:
One of the most commonly used contr
Page 146 and 147:
Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
Page 148 and 149:
Fertilizers may be applied before p
Page 150 and 151:
It is neither practical nor safe to
Page 152 and 153:
Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
Page 154 and 155:
1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
Page 156 and 157:
Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
Page 158 and 159:
Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
Page 160 and 161:
FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
Page 162 and 163:
can self-install an underground irr
Page 164 and 165:
1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
Page 166 and 167:
Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
Page 168 and 169:
(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
Page 170 and 171:
texture. The most commonly used gra
Page 172 and 173:
TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
Page 174 and 175:
Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
Page 176 and 177:
Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
Page 178 and 179:
5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
Page 180 and 181:
Growth in an organism follows a cer
Page 182 and 183:
5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
Page 184 and 185:
waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
Page 186 and 187:
5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
Page 188 and 189:
CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
Page 190 and 191:
Growth and Development The general
Page 192 and 193:
TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
Page 194 and 195:
Certain plants are adapted to dry e
Page 196 and 197:
conditions exist to sustain growth
Page 198 and 199:
Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
Page 200 and 201:
for success, since high temperature
Page 202 and 203:
FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
Page 204 and 205:
Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
Page 206 and 207:
conditions—pertaining to light, m
Page 208 and 209:
them to maturity. The major process
Page 210 and 211:
6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
Page 212 and 213:
Similarly, there can be no plant br
Page 214 and 215:
APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
Page 216 and 217:
hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
Page 218 and 219:
Generally, within ten days of exper
Page 220 and 221:
Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
Page 222 and 223:
(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
Page 224 and 225:
e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
Page 226 and 227:
eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
Page 228 and 229:
Before the seed or product becomes
Page 230 and 231:
6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
Page 232 and 233:
2. Political disagreement. There ar
Page 234 and 235:
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
Page 236 and 237:
PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
Page 238 and 239:
7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
Page 240 and 241:
8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
Page 242 and 243:
is also a root parasite that obtain
Page 244 and 245:
LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
Page 246 and 247:
Example Integrated cultural, physic
Page 248 and 249:
7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
Page 250 and 251:
Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
Page 252 and 253:
sucking insects (also found with so
Page 254 and 255:
FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
Page 256 and 257:
TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
Page 258 and 259:
7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
Page 260 and 261:
FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
Page 262 and 263:
fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
Page 264 and 265:
SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
Page 266 and 267:
For the home growers or those who c
Page 268 and 269:
for consumers and the environment).
Page 270 and 271:
TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
Page 272 and 273:
gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
Page 274 and 275:
In a competitive industry, a variet
Page 276 and 277:
Chemicals gain access to humans thr
Page 278 and 279:
2. Pesticide management. Controllin
Page 280 and 281:
Every organism has its natural enem
Page 282 and 283:
TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
Page 284 and 285:
1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
Page 286 and 287:
6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
Page 288 and 289:
Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
Page 290 and 291:
under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
Page 292 and 293:
FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
Page 294 and 295:
8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
Page 296 and 297:
application, a particular herbicide
Page 298 and 299:
Further, they do not provide unifor
Page 300 and 301:
SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
Page 302 and 303:
Sulfur may be applied for both prev
Page 304 and 305:
8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
Page 306 and 307:
PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
Page 308 and 309:
9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
Page 310 and 311:
Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
Page 312 and 313:
Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
Page 314 and 315:
FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
Page 316 and 317:
Germination Test In laboratory prac
Page 318 and 319:
FIGURE 15 The essential structures
Page 320 and 321:
processing into flour or meal). How
Page 322 and 323:
physiologically immature seeds must
Page 324 and 325:
seeds may be treated in this way be
Page 326 and 327:
The two basic modes of seedling eme
Page 328 and 329:
locations in the field. Home garden
Page 330 and 331:
FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
Page 332 and 333:
(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
Page 334 and 335:
y the gardener or grower. Whatever
Page 336 and 337:
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
Page 338 and 339:
species enables vegetative propagat
Page 340 and 341:
for rapid rooting. There are two ba
Page 342 and 343:
Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
Page 344 and 345:
This practice is especially importa
Page 346 and 347:
10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
Page 348 and 349:
(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
Page 350 and 351:
10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
Page 352 and 353:
Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
Page 354 and 355:
MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
Page 356 and 357:
MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
Page 358 and 359:
Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
Page 360 and 361:
variety of ways. In air layering, a
Page 362 and 363:
FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
Page 364 and 365:
Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
Page 366 and 367:
The technique is used widely in cro
Page 368 and 369:
PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
Page 370 and 371:
11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
Page 372 and 373:
TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
Page 374 and 375:
Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
Page 376 and 377:
Window Displays Plants in windows e
Page 378 and 379:
CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
Page 380 and 381:
annuals and hardy perennial species
Page 382 and 383:
of the large container filled with
Page 384 and 385:
perfection about four to six weeks
Page 386 and 387:
FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
Page 388 and 389:
TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
Page 390 and 391:
The lighting condition near these w
Page 392 and 393:
Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
Page 394 and 395:
may be used for one pot or a group
Page 396 and 397:
garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
Page 398 and 399:
The photoperiod affects when the ho
Page 400 and 401:
patted firm to keep the plant erect
Page 402 and 403:
Other Materials Apart from clay and
Page 404 and 405:
(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
Page 406 and 407:
TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
Page 408 and 409:
• Keep soil moist all the time
Page 410 and 411:
• Prefers high temperatures • P
Page 412 and 413:
amount and quality of light. If sup
Page 414 and 415:
12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
Page 416 and 417:
6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
Page 418 and 419:
Detached greenhouses have several a
Page 420 and 421:
12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
Page 422 and 423:
horticultural business a less-expen
Page 424 and 425:
Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
Page 426 and 427:
source of heat for times when the t
Page 428 and 429:
FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
Page 430 and 431:
FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
Page 432 and 433:
Research program on greenhouse engi
Page 434 and 435:
greenhouses equipped with a variety
Page 436 and 437:
FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
Page 438 and 439:
This system was demonstrated in a 5
Page 440 and 441:
FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
Page 442 and 443:
Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
Page 444 and 445:
or object to be warmed. Failure to
Page 446 and 447:
objects in its path (e.g., the floo
Page 448 and 449:
FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
Page 450 and 451:
FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
Page 452 and 453:
FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
Page 454 and 455:
Source of Water The quality of loca
Page 456 and 457:
FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
Page 458 and 459:
Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
Page 460 and 461:
However, in winter, greenhouse vent
Page 462 and 463:
OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
Page 464 and 465:
. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
Page 466 and 467:
2. Labor. The size of the labor for
Page 468 and 469:
FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
Page 470 and 471:
FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
Page 472 and 473:
13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
Page 474 and 475:
(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
Page 476 and 477:
14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
Page 478 and 479:
FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
Page 480 and 481:
frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
Page 482 and 483:
TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
Page 484 and 485:
(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
Page 486 and 487:
14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
Page 488 and 489:
FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
Page 490 and 491:
FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
Page 492 and 493:
FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
Page 494 and 495:
Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
Page 496 and 497:
PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
Page 498 and 499:
15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
Page 500 and 501:
8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
Page 502 and 503:
knowledge, with concern for resourc
Page 504 and 505:
(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
Page 506 and 507:
GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
Page 508 and 509:
the landscape. Some very successful
Page 510 and 511:
Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
Page 512 and 513:
FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
Page 514 and 515:
How frequently do they entertain? A
Page 516 and 517:
the patio should be located on the
Page 518 and 519:
15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
Page 520 and 521:
Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
Page 522 and 523:
Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
Page 524 and 525:
SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
Page 526 and 527:
3. Supply materials on a timely bas
Page 528 and 529:
such as preparation rooms (for mixi
Page 530 and 531:
of environmental fluctuations. Furt
Page 532 and 533:
FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
Page 534 and 535:
17 Installation of the Landscape PU
Page 536 and 537:
for walks, driveways, and patios (F
Page 538 and 539:
Planting may be limited to accentin
Page 540 and 541:
17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
Page 542 and 543:
FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
Page 544 and 545:
SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
Page 546 and 547:
TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
Page 548 and 549:
TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
Page 550 and 551:
they determine the success and surv
Page 552 and 553:
12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
Page 554 and 555:
pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
Page 556 and 557:
y winds. A stake, which is often a
Page 558 and 559:
TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
Page 560 and 561:
TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
Page 562 and 563:
Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
Page 564 and 565:
Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
Page 566 and 567:
may be divided such that each secti
Page 568 and 569:
FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
Page 570 and 571:
Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
Page 572 and 573:
Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
Page 574 and 575:
Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
Page 576 and 577:
The seed should be free from weeds
Page 578 and 579:
Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
Page 580 and 581:
A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
Page 582 and 583:
way, plants are able to adapt to th
Page 584 and 585:
form of a can placed on the lawn wi
Page 586 and 587:
TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
Page 588 and 589:
even surface soil surface for layin
Page 590 and 591:
MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
Page 592 and 593:
Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
Page 594 and 595:
4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
Page 596 and 597:
19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
Page 598 and 599:
defeat the purpose of pruning. The
Page 600 and 601:
Bud withers as cut end dries back d
Page 602 and 603:
19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
Page 604 and 605:
Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
Page 606 and 607:
3. In the third and subsequent year
Page 608 and 609:
(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
Page 610 and 611:
Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
Page 612 and 613:
TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
Page 614 and 615:
Summer pruning eliminates an energy
Page 616 and 617:
a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
Page 618 and 619:
FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
Page 620 and 621:
FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
Page 622 and 623:
years to promote continued lateral
Page 624 and 625:
Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
Page 626 and 627:
19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
Page 628 and 629:
FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
Page 630 and 631:
pyramid-like form that is wider at
Page 632 and 633:
After selecting the appropriate spe
Page 634 and 635:
PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
Page 636 and 637:
20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
Page 638 and 639:
The National Agricultural Statistic
Page 640 and 641:
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
Page 642 and 643:
growers should take to determine an
Page 644 and 645:
pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
Page 646 and 647:
square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
Page 648 and 649:
High tunnels help increase the prof
Page 650 and 651:
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
Page 652 and 653:
20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
Page 654 and 655:
Establishing the Crop Planting into
Page 656 and 657:
home water supply from the tap. Thi
Page 658 and 659:
Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
Page 660 and 661: 6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
Page 662 and 663: variable, ranging from creamy yello
Page 664 and 665: There are two general production pr
Page 666 and 667: This toxin is heat resistant and no
Page 668 and 669: large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
Page 670 and 671: REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
Page 672 and 673: TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
Page 674 and 675: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
Page 676 and 677: 22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
Page 678 and 679: 22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
Page 680 and 681: and the specific materials to be us
Page 682 and 683: 22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
Page 684 and 685: preemergent or early postemergent o
Page 686 and 687: Composting is a deliberate activity
Page 688 and 689: 22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
Page 690 and 691: Moisture Supply Water is required b
Page 692 and 693: Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
Page 694 and 695: As microbial decomposition proceeds
Page 696 and 697: Establishment and Management of an
Page 698 and 699: night, freezing can occur in spring
Page 700 and 701: accomplished by stratification. It
Page 702 and 703: transmitted by the dagger nematode
Page 704 and 705: PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
Page 706 and 707: 24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
Page 708 and 709: to more than four-fold in standard
Page 712 and 713: FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
Page 714 and 715: Principle Definition Types (or Uses
Page 716 and 717: pH value-a measure of the acidity o
Page 718 and 719: FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
Page 720 and 721: 24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
Page 722 and 723: 3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
Page 724 and 725: Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
Page 726 and 727: 24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
Page 728 and 729: 25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
Page 730 and 731: FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
Page 732 and 733: FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
Page 734 and 735: 25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
Page 736 and 737: (a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
Page 738 and 739: TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
Page 740 and 741: 26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
Page 742 and 743: Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
Page 744 and 745: 26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
Page 746 and 747: 27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
Page 748 and 749: whereas oranges are picked (they ha
Page 750 and 751: (b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
Page 752 and 753: To reduce packaging injury, contain
Page 754 and 755: is replaced by the by-product of re
Page 756 and 757: Stored produce may lose some color,
Page 758 and 759: with pricing. When selling by volum
Page 760 and 761:
(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
Page 762 and 763:
APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
Page 764 and 765:
APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
Page 766 and 767:
APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
Page 768 and 769:
Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
Page 770 and 771:
GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Page 772 and 773:
Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
Page 774 and 775:
Floriculture The science and practi
Page 776 and 777:
M Macronutrient An essential elemen
Page 778 and 779:
Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
Page 780 and 781:
INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
Page 782 and 783:
defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
Page 784 and 785:
Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
Page 786 and 787:
color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
Page 788 and 789:
color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
Page 790 and 791:
color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
Page 792 and 793:
color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
Page 794 and 795:
color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
Page 796 and 797:
color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
Page 798 and 799:
color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Page 800 and 801:
Page 802 and 803:
Page 804 and 805:
Page 806 and 807:
color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
Page 808 and 809:
color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
Page 810 and 811:
color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
Page 812 and 813:
color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
Page 814 and 815:
Page 816 and 817:
color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
show all

Horticulture Principles and Practices

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?