Horticulture Principles and Practices

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SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely annual plants that are grown in beds. Whereas vegetable bedding plants are grown for food, ornamental bedding plants are grown for aesthetic reasons in the landscape. These plants are generally small in size. Flower beds should be well drained and exposed to sunlight. Plants selected for use should be adapted to the environment. Further, one should also consider the adult height, habit or form, color, blooming habit, water and light needs, and general care required. Bedding plants may be direct seeded or transplanted. Garden plants can be designed along certain themes such as flower color, fragrance, or species (e.g., grass garden). Annual gardens, which may include perennial species, generally require a degree of involvement by the grower. 17.5 CHOOSING A GROUND COVER Even though in the broadest sense any plant that spreads its foliage over the soil can be called a ground cover, operationally the term is reserved for low, spreading plants (less than 2 feet or 60 centimeters tall). This group of plants includes shrubs (e.g., dwarf yew, creeping juniper, and dwarf azalea), vines (e.g., English ivy), perennials (e.g., lily of the valley and twining strawberry), and grasses. Some species such as daylilies (Hemerocallis spp.) are clump forming, and others such as ajuga (Ajuga reptaris) are rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Ground covers are used in a variety of ways. For example, they may be used to reduce soil erosion on steep slopes; cover rocky and rough areas that are difficult to mow; cover up areas under trees that are poorly lit; hide unattractive parts of the landscape; or enhance the aesthetic value of the landscape by their attractive form, foliage, and flowers. These plants generally have the capacity to grow in a manner as to blanket the ground and frequently are also quick spreading. They do not require the regular maintenance needed by some landscape plants. Ground covers should be chosen to meet certain conditions: Ground Cover A low-growing plant that spreads and forms a matlike growth over an area. 1. The hardiness zone. Unless the selections are adapted to the local climate, they will not perform to their full capacity. Like other plants, some species are adapted to cool climates and others prefer hot and dry climates. Some plants such as hostas are adapted to a wide variety of climates. 2. The site characteristics. A good site analysis is needed to find out the specific problems and how to select a ground cover to solve them. This analysis often includes a soil test to determine the nutritional status of the soil in the area. If an area in the landscape is bare, it might be due to a number of factors, such as shade, shallow soil, low nutrients, improper pH, and others. The soil may be sandy and drain too quickly or clay and hold too much water. The soil may have an adequate amount of nutrients to support growth but a pH that does not make the nutrients available to plants. Table 17–4 provides some suggestions of plants to grow in shady conditions such as under trees. Junipers and cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticola) perform well if the area is a dry hillside of poor fertility. Table 17–5 lists some species adapted to steep and rocky slopes. One hard-to-manage area in the landscape is the wet patch that will not support a lawn. For such spots, possible choices include the creeping Jenny (Lysimachia spp.), certain ferns, blue flag (Iris versicolor), and Japanese primrose (Primula japonica). 3. Special effects. Ground covers are used for more than protection of bare ground in the landscape. Some species have qualities to make them appropriate for use as a focal point in the landscape. Apart from green foliage, ground covers can be used for specific roles in the landscape. Ground covers with attractive colors 17.5 Choosing a Ground Cover 519
TABLE 17–4 Selected Ground Covers Adapted to Shade Plant Scientific Name Zone Comments Bishop’s weed Aegopodium podagraria 3–9 Fast spreading; 12 inches (30 centimeters) high Ajuga Ajuga reptans 3–8 Short (3 inches or 7.7 centimeters); forms solid carpet European ginger Asarum europaeum 4–8 5 to 7 inches (12.5 to 17.5 centimeters) high; leathery leaves Chinese astilbe Astilbe chinensis 5–8 Flowers in summer; 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 centimeters) high Winter creeper Euonymus fortunei 5–9 Evergreen; long climbing vines; 1 to 2 feet (30 to 60 centimeters) high Sweet woodruff Galium odoratum 3–8 Fast spreading; 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 centimeters) high; sweet fragrance when dried English ivy Hedera helix 5–9 Excellent spreader; 6 inches (15 centimeters) high Hosta Hosta hybrids 3–8 Easy to grow; versatile; 6 to 24 inches (15 to 60 centimeters) high Strawberry geranium Saxifraga stolonifera 6–9 Good houseplant; 6 inches (15 centimeters) high Common periwinkle Vinca minor 3–9 Quick spreading; 6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 centimeters) high Japanese pachysandra Pachysandra terminalis 4–8 Popular; good spreader; 8 to 10 inches (20 to 25 centimeters) high TABLE 17–5 Selected Ground Covers Adapted to Steep Slopes and Rocky Areas Plant Scientific Name Zone Comments Wooly yarrow Achillea tomentosa 3–7 Short (2 inches or 5 centimeters); full sun Saint-John’s-wort Hypericum calycinum 6–8 Easy to grow; vigorous; 12 to 18 inches (30 to 45 centimeters) high Japanese pachysandra Pachysandra terminalis 4–8 Popular; good spreader; 8 to 10 inches (20 to 25 centimeters) high Creeping juniper Juniperus horizontalis 3–9 Erosion control; good for foundation planting; 6 to 18 inches (15 to 45 centimeters) high English ivy Hedera helix 5–9 Excellent spreader; 6 inches (15 centimeters) high Common periwinkle Vinca minor 3–9 Quick spreading; 6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 centimeters) high Ajuga Ajuga reptans 3–8 Short (3 inches or 7.7 centimeters); forms solid carpet 520 Chapter 17 Installation of the Landscape include shrubby cinquefoil, lenten rose (Helleborus orientalis), Bethlehem sage (Pulmonia saccharata), Japanese primrose (Primula japonica), and moss phlox (Phlox subulata). Other ground covers have fragrant flowers, such as lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) and sweet violet (Viola ordorata). Thyme, a popular herb, can also be used as an effective ground cover. Ground covers can serve to tie together contrasting areas (e.g., turf and shrubs) in the landscape. 4. Installation and maintenance. Ground covers are utilized in areas of the landscape that are difficult to reach or manage. The plants installed should require relatively little maintenance and be easy to install. They should be chosen for their high probability of success in an area. 5. Size of space available. Since ground covers are by nature quick spreading, it is important that the species selected not overwhelm the area where they are installed. Additional maintenance is required to keep the ground cover in control. Plant selection is especially important when ground covers are planted in combination. A list of some aggressive spreaders is presented in Table 17–6. 17.5.1 SOIL PREPARATION AND PLANTING Even though ground covers are perceived as plants used in marginal parts of the landscape, they nonetheless require adequate soil preparation for good establishment. Further, if the purpose of using the ground cover is for something other than
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
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Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
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e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
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eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
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Before the seed or product becomes
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6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
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7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
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variety of ways. In air layering, a
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FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
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Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
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The technique is used widely in cro
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PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
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11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
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TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
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Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
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Window Displays Plants in windows e
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CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
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annuals and hardy perennial species
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of the large container filled with
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perfection about four to six weeks
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FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
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TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
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The lighting condition near these w
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Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
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may be used for one pot or a group
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garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
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The photoperiod affects when the ho
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patted firm to keep the plant erect
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Other Materials Apart from clay and
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(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
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TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
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• Prefers high temperatures • P
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amount and quality of light. If sup
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12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
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6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
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Detached greenhouses have several a
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12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
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horticultural business a less-expen
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Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
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greenhouses equipped with a variety
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FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
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or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
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FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
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Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
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FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
Page 494 and 495: Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
Page 496 and 497: PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
Page 498 and 499: 15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
Page 500 and 501: 8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
Page 502 and 503: knowledge, with concern for resourc
Page 504 and 505: (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
Page 506 and 507: GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
Page 508 and 509: the landscape. Some very successful
Page 510 and 511: Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
Page 512 and 513: FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
Page 514 and 515: How frequently do they entertain? A
Page 516 and 517: the patio should be located on the
Page 518 and 519: 15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
Page 520 and 521: Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
Page 522 and 523: Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
Page 524 and 525: SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
Page 526 and 527: 3. Supply materials on a timely bas
Page 528 and 529: such as preparation rooms (for mixi
Page 530 and 531: of environmental fluctuations. Furt
Page 532 and 533: FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
Page 534 and 535: 17 Installation of the Landscape PU
Page 536 and 537: for walks, driveways, and patios (F
Page 538 and 539: Planting may be limited to accentin
Page 540 and 541: 17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
Page 542 and 543: FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
Page 546 and 547: TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
Page 548 and 549: TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
Page 550 and 551: they determine the success and surv
Page 552 and 553: 12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
Page 554 and 555: pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
Page 556 and 557: y winds. A stake, which is often a
Page 558 and 559: TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
Page 560 and 561: TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
Page 562 and 563: Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
Page 564 and 565: Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
Page 566 and 567: may be divided such that each secti
Page 568 and 569: FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
Page 570 and 571: Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
Page 572 and 573: Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
Page 574 and 575: Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
Page 576 and 577: The seed should be free from weeds
Page 578 and 579: Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
Page 580 and 581: A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
Page 582 and 583: way, plants are able to adapt to th
Page 584 and 585: form of a can placed on the lawn wi
Page 586 and 587: TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
Page 588 and 589: even surface soil surface for layin
Page 590 and 591: MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
Page 592 and 593: Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
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4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
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19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
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defeat the purpose of pruning. The
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Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
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Summer pruning eliminates an energy
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a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
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FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
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years to promote continued lateral
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Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
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19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
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FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
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pyramid-like form that is wider at
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After selecting the appropriate spe
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PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
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20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
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The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
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pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
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square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
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High tunnels help increase the prof
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
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Establishing the Crop Planting into
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home water supply from the tap. Thi
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Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
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REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
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22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
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22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
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preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
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22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
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Establishment and Management of an
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night, freezing can occur in spring
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accomplished by stratification. It
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transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
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to more than four-fold in standard
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Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
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FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
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Principle Definition Types (or Uses
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pH value-a measure of the acidity o
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FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
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Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
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24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
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25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
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FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
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FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
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25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
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(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
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TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
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26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
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Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
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26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
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27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
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whereas oranges are picked (they ha
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(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
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To reduce packaging injury, contain
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is replaced by the by-product of re
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Stored produce may lose some color,
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with pricing. When selling by volum
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(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
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APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
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APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
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GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Page 772 and 773:
Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
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Floriculture The science and practi
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M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
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INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
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defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
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Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
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color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
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color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
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color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
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color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
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color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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Page 802 and 803:
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color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
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color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
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color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
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color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
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color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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