Horticulture Principles and Practices

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Window Displays Plants in windows enhance the room decor. Since light enters the house primarily through windows, the selection of plants to use should consider the position of the windows, the plant sensitivity to light, and the plant size. While south-facing windows receive sunlight year-round, north-facing windows receive the least amount of light, especially during the winter. North-facing windows favor foliage plants such as aspidistra and sansevieria. Desert cacti do well in unshaded south-facing windows. Fragrance Certain plants exude sweet scents that freshen the indoor atmosphere. For example, scented pelargonium has a pleasant fragrance. Direct Traffic Plants can be strategically arranged to steer people away from certain parts of the room and to prevent people from using certain spaces as pathways. Cover Up Undesirable View A window garden may be planted to block the view to unattractive areas on the outside. Plants may be arranged to hide unsightly parts of a room. Environmental Quality (Air Quality Control) Certain plants are known to improve the air quality of indoor areas by absorbing contaminants in the air (Table 11–3). Contaminants include fumes from cleaning solvents, radon, secondhand smoke, furniture, carpeting, and ozone from copying machines. Some of the most effective plants for this purpose are gerbera daisy, chrysanthemum, golden pothos, and Spathiphyllum. 11.2.3 IMPROVING THE DISPLAY OF HOUSEPLANTS Apart from selecting appropriate plants and arranging them effectively in the room, there are several specific ways in which the display can be enhanced: 1. Use a spotlight to draw attention to conversation pieces or specimen plants (unique plants that invite conversation). Backlighting enhances the display of some species such as Boston fern (Nephrolepsis). Certain plants may be displayed in less-than-ideal conditions with appropriate lighting. TABLE 11–3 Houseplants that clean the air Pollutant Sources Plants Benzene Detergents, gasoline, oils, English ivy, dracaena, chrysanthemum tobacco smoke, printing inks, gerbera daisy synthetic fibers Formaldehyde Carpeting, clothing, furniture, Azalea, palms, chrysanthemum, foam insulation, household diffenbachia, golden pothos, cleaners, paper goods, mother-in-laws tongue, poinsettia, particle board spider plant Trichloroethylene Adhesives, dry-cleaning Chrysanthemums, gerbera daisy, fluids, lacquers, paints, dracaena varnishes 11.2 Using Plants in the Home 351
FIGURE 11–3 (a) Displaying a plant potted in a plastic pot in a more attractive decorated pot. (b) Examples of decorative containers. (Source: For (b) George Acquaah) Plastic inner pot Decorative outer pot (a) (b) Double Potting A method of enhancing the display of potted plants by placing the potted plant in a more decorative pot. 2. Use decorative containers to hold the plants (double potting). The plastic pot from the nursery may be placed in a very attractive container to enhance the display (Figure 11–3). Other containers include wicker baskets, brass saucepans, and in some cases patterned containers. When using patterned pots, the color of the foliage and flowers should blend well with the pot color and pattern. Growers do not often plant directly into decorative containers. Instead, they are used as outer coverings to hide the ordinary flowerpot. Containers may be clay or china. 3. Group plants. Instead of scattering plants throughout a room, a number of plants of the same type can be grouped together (massed). Compact plants may be grouped on a stand, on a pebble tray, or on a table as a centerpiece. Small specimens may also be effectively displayed in tiny, unusual containers (e.g., egg cup). Colorful seasonal plants such as tulip, hyacinth, azalea, and geranium can be massed on a windowsill. 4. Use hanging baskets. By themselves, hanging baskets can have very attractive holders. Plants grown in hanging baskets offer some of the most attractive displays. 5. Use ornamental paper. Wallpaper and plants can be used together to provide an effective display, with the paper as the background. 6. Use plant support. Plants may be displayed on pedestals, wooden tables, glasstopped, wrought-iron tables, and other such specially designed supports (wooden or metal jardinieres, tiered plant stands, and aspidistra stands). Other pieces of furniture in the house can be adapted as flower stands (e.g., corner cupboards and washstands). Plants may be grown and displayed on a plant trolley. 352 Chapter 11 Growing Houseplants 11.2.4 GROUPING PLANTS A large plant can be effectively displayed alone. Smaller specimens do better when grouped. Grouping can be accomplished by arranging individual potted plants together (e.g., on a gravel tray) or by planting a mixture of plants in large troughs (Figure 11–4). A wide variety of containers are available for use. They vary in type of material (e.g., plastic, wrought iron, wood, and clay), shape, size, and decorative appearance.
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
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Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
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e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
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eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
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Before the seed or product becomes
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6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
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7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
Page 326 and 327: The two basic modes of seedling eme
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Page 330 and 331: FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
Page 332 and 333: (a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
Page 334 and 335: y the gardener or grower. Whatever
Page 336 and 337: REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
Page 338 and 339: species enables vegetative propagat
Page 340 and 341: for rapid rooting. There are two ba
Page 342 and 343: Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
Page 344 and 345: This practice is especially importa
Page 346 and 347: 10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
Page 348 and 349: (a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
Page 350 and 351: 10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
Page 352 and 353: Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
Page 354 and 355: MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
Page 356 and 357: MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Page 360 and 361: variety of ways. In air layering, a
Page 362 and 363: FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
Page 364 and 365: Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
Page 366 and 367: The technique is used widely in cro
Page 368 and 369: PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
Page 370 and 371: 11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
Page 372 and 373: TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
Page 374 and 375: Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
Page 378 and 379: CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
Page 380 and 381: annuals and hardy perennial species
Page 382 and 383: of the large container filled with
Page 384 and 385: perfection about four to six weeks
Page 386 and 387: FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
Page 388 and 389: TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
Page 390 and 391: The lighting condition near these w
Page 392 and 393: Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
Page 394 and 395: may be used for one pot or a group
Page 396 and 397: garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
Page 398 and 399: The photoperiod affects when the ho
Page 400 and 401: patted firm to keep the plant erect
Page 402 and 403: Other Materials Apart from clay and
Page 404 and 405: (a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
Page 406 and 407: TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
Page 408 and 409: • Keep soil moist all the time
Page 410 and 411: • Prefers high temperatures • P
Page 412 and 413: amount and quality of light. If sup
Page 414 and 415: 12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
Page 416 and 417: 6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
Page 418 and 419: Detached greenhouses have several a
Page 420 and 421: 12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
Page 422 and 423: horticultural business a less-expen
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source of heat for times when the t
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FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
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Research program on greenhouse engi
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greenhouses equipped with a variety
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FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
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This system was demonstrated in a 5
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FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
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Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
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or object to be warmed. Failure to
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objects in its path (e.g., the floo
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FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
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FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
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Source of Water The quality of loca
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FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
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Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
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FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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knowledge, with concern for resourc
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
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GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
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the landscape. Some very successful
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Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
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FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
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How frequently do they entertain? A
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the patio should be located on the
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15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
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Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
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Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
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SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
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3. Supply materials on a timely bas
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such as preparation rooms (for mixi
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of environmental fluctuations. Furt
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FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
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17 Installation of the Landscape PU
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for walks, driveways, and patios (F
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Planting may be limited to accentin
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17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
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FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
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SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
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TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
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TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
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they determine the success and surv
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12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
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pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
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y winds. A stake, which is often a
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TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
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TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
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Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
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Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
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may be divided such that each secti
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FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
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Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
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Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
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Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
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The seed should be free from weeds
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Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
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A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
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way, plants are able to adapt to th
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form of a can placed on the lawn wi
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TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
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even surface soil surface for layin
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MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
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Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
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4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
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19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
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defeat the purpose of pruning. The
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Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
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Summer pruning eliminates an energy
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a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
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FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
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years to promote continued lateral
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Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
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19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
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FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
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pyramid-like form that is wider at
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After selecting the appropriate spe
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PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
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20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
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The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
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pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
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square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
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High tunnels help increase the prof
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
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Establishing the Crop Planting into
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home water supply from the tap. Thi
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Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
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REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
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22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
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22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
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preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
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22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
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Establishment and Management of an
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night, freezing can occur in spring
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accomplished by stratification. It
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transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
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to more than four-fold in standard
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Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
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FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
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Principle Definition Types (or Uses
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pH value-a measure of the acidity o
Page 718 and 719:
FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
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Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
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24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
Page 728 and 729:
25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
Page 730 and 731:
FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
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FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
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25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
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(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
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TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
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26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
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Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
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26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
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27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
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whereas oranges are picked (they ha
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(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
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To reduce packaging injury, contain
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is replaced by the by-product of re
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Stored produce may lose some color,
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with pricing. When selling by volum
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(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
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APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
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APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
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GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
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Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
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Floriculture The science and practi
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M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
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INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
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defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
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Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
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color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
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color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
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color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
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color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
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color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
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color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
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color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
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color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
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color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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