Horticulture Principles and Practices

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• Prefers high temperatures • Prune as necessary to keep in shape 24. Cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum ‘Sylvia’) • Place in east window for medium light • Avoid watering leaves directly (promotes crown rot) • Prefer cool temperatures • Repot when foliage dies • Propagate by corm division • Plant gets leggy under dim light; cut back to base • Propagate stem or tip cutting, air layering, or suckers 25. African violet (Saintapaulia ionantha) • Keep under medium light (avoid direct sunlight) • Keep soil moist, watering with tepid water (cold water can spot leaves) • Grows best in high temperatures • Fertilize frequently with low analysis fertilizer • Remove withered flowers • Propagate by leaf cutting, seed or by division 26. Flamingo flower (Anthurium scherzerianum) • Keep in partial light • Keep soil moist • Keep in warm place 27. English ivy (Hedera helix) • Display in bright, indirect light • Water well and keep humid • Prefers cool temperature • Prune to keep shape and control vine length • Propagate by stem cutting or division • Plant is suitable for training into topiary shapes 28. Hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis) • Display blooming plants in medium light • Water often during bloom • Keep temperature cool during blooming • Fertilize moderately • Remove and store bulb in cool place after the stem dies • Bulbs need to be precooled before flowering (place bulb in fridge for twelve weeks) 29. Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldianer) • Place in southern window for high light • Drench and drain; keep dry between waterings • Prefers cool temperatures 30. Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia seguine) • Grows best in medium light (avoid direct light); can tolerate low light • Mist often and keep dry between waterings • Prefers high temperatures • Cut plant back to base when it becomes leggy • Propagate by stem cutting, suckers, or air layering 31. Peperomia (Peperomia obtusifolia) • Place in medium light; if variegated, the leaves might lose color in low light • Do not overwater 11.11 Common Houseplants and Their Care 385
• Tolerates cool to warm temperatures • Prune as necessary to keep shape 32. Flame nettles (Coleus spp.) • Display in bright or full light for best color development • Keep soil moist and mist often • Grows best under cool temperatures • Pinching helps to shape plant and produce a bushy appearance • Propagate by cutting 33. Elephant’s ears (Caladium spp.) • Keep out of direct full light • Keep soil moist • Grows best under high temperatures 34. Spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum) • Keep away from direct sunlight; prefers medium light • Keep temperatures at moderate level • Mist frequently • Fertilize moderately • Propagate by aerial runners or plantlets • Display as hanging basket 35. Croton (Codiaeum variegatum) • Prefers high light intensity (south window) for full color development • Keep temperature moderate • Leaves drop under drought stress of improper temperature (drafts) • Pinching can be used to create a bushy plant instead of a tall, single-stemmed plant • Propagate by air layering, or cuttings 36. Christmas cactus (Schlumbergera bridgesii) • Keep in south window for high light intensity • Keep soil dry between waterings and maintain high humidity • Keep temperatures moderate • When plant blooms, do not rotate the plant (flowers will drop) • Propagate by stem cuttings or seed Plants that require low light should be placed at least five feet away from the window. Placed closer to the source of light, such plants can suffer severe foliage burn. They may be placed in room corners, hallways, and on shelves. To provide moderate light to plants, they should be placed five to eight feet from the window. Plants that require moderate to bright light should be placed three to five feet near the east and west windows. To receive bright light, plants should be kept two to three feet near the southfacing windows. 386 Chapter 11 Growing Houseplants SUMMARY Many plants can be grown indoors, provided the conditions for plant growth are adequately provided. Plants can be grown indoors to enhance the appearances of rooms. They can be strategically positioned to perform other functions such as dividing a room, directing traffic, and hiding unsightly areas. Indoor plant displays can be greatly enhanced by using ornate containers and placing them under a spotlight, for example. It is important that plants be brought indoors from the nursery in good condition. In winter and under severe weather conditions, plants need protection during transport from the nursery to the home. Various parts of the room in a house receive different amounts of light. As such, plants should be located carefully so that they receive the appropriate
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
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With love to Theresa, quarterback;
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Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
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Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
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5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
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8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
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12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
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22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
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Preface Horticulture is the area of
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
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PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
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1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
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(a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
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FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
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CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
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FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
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FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
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FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
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1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
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1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
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TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
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Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
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What Is Horticulture? This site pro
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Examples of botanical gardens http:
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2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
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Eight major taxa are commonly used
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TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
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HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
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AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
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possible system of nomenclature. Ho
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TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
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2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
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2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
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Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
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FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
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2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
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(a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
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FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
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FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
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such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
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c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
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Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
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ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
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called cristae; this extreme foldin
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By virtue of its position, the prim
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Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
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(a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
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Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
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Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
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Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
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e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
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eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
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Before the seed or product becomes
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6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
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PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
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7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
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TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
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In a competitive industry, a variet
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Chemicals gain access to humans thr
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2. Pesticide management. Controllin
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Every organism has its natural enem
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TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
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6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
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Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
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FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
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Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
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8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
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PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
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9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
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Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
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FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
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FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
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(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
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species enables vegetative propagat
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for rapid rooting. There are two ba
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Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
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This practice is especially importa
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10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
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(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
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10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
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Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
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MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
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MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
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Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
Page 360 and 361: variety of ways. In air layering, a
Page 362 and 363: FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
Page 364 and 365: Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
Page 366 and 367: The technique is used widely in cro
Page 368 and 369: PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
Page 370 and 371: 11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
Page 372 and 373: TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
Page 374 and 375: Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
Page 376 and 377: Window Displays Plants in windows e
Page 378 and 379: CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
Page 380 and 381: annuals and hardy perennial species
Page 382 and 383: of the large container filled with
Page 384 and 385: perfection about four to six weeks
Page 386 and 387: FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
Page 388 and 389: TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
Page 390 and 391: The lighting condition near these w
Page 392 and 393: Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
Page 394 and 395: may be used for one pot or a group
Page 396 and 397: garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
Page 398 and 399: The photoperiod affects when the ho
Page 400 and 401: patted firm to keep the plant erect
Page 402 and 403: Other Materials Apart from clay and
Page 404 and 405: (a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
Page 406 and 407: TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
Page 408 and 409: • Keep soil moist all the time
Page 412 and 413: amount and quality of light. If sup
Page 414 and 415: 12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
Page 416 and 417: 6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
Page 418 and 419: Detached greenhouses have several a
Page 420 and 421: 12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
Page 422 and 423: horticultural business a less-expen
Page 424 and 425: Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
Page 426 and 427: source of heat for times when the t
Page 428 and 429: FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
Page 430 and 431: FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
Page 432 and 433: Research program on greenhouse engi
Page 434 and 435: greenhouses equipped with a variety
Page 436 and 437: FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
Page 438 and 439: This system was demonstrated in a 5
Page 440 and 441: FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
Page 442 and 443: Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
Page 444 and 445: or object to be warmed. Failure to
Page 446 and 447: objects in its path (e.g., the floo
Page 448 and 449: FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
Page 450 and 451: FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
Page 452 and 453: FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
Page 454 and 455: Source of Water The quality of loca
Page 456 and 457: FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
Page 458 and 459: Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
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However, in winter, greenhouse vent
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OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
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. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
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2. Labor. The size of the labor for
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FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
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FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
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13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
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14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
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FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
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TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
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(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
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14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
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FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
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FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
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FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
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knowledge, with concern for resourc
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
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GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
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the landscape. Some very successful
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Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
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FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
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How frequently do they entertain? A
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the patio should be located on the
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15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
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Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
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Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
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SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
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3. Supply materials on a timely bas
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such as preparation rooms (for mixi
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of environmental fluctuations. Furt
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FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
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17 Installation of the Landscape PU
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for walks, driveways, and patios (F
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Planting may be limited to accentin
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17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
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FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
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SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
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TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
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TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
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they determine the success and surv
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12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
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pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
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y winds. A stake, which is often a
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TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
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TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
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Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
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Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
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may be divided such that each secti
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FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
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Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
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Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
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Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
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The seed should be free from weeds
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Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
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A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
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way, plants are able to adapt to th
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form of a can placed on the lawn wi
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TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
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even surface soil surface for layin
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MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
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Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
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4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
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19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
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defeat the purpose of pruning. The
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Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
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Summer pruning eliminates an energy
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a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
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FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
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years to promote continued lateral
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Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
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19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
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FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
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pyramid-like form that is wider at
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After selecting the appropriate spe
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PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
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20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
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The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
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pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
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square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
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High tunnels help increase the prof
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
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Establishing the Crop Planting into
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home water supply from the tap. Thi
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Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
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REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
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TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
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22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
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22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
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preemergent or early postemergent o
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Composting is a deliberate activity
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22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
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Establishment and Management of an
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night, freezing can occur in spring
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accomplished by stratification. It
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transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
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to more than four-fold in standard
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Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
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FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
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Principle Definition Types (or Uses
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pH value-a measure of the acidity o
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FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
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Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
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24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
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25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
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FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
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FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
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25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
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(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
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TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
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26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
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Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
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26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
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27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
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whereas oranges are picked (they ha
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(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
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To reduce packaging injury, contain
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is replaced by the by-product of re
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Stored produce may lose some color,
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with pricing. When selling by volum
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(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
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APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
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APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
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GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
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Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
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Floriculture The science and practi
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M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
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INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
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defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
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Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
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color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
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color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
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color plate 7 (b) (c) (d) (a) (e) (
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color plate 9 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 11 (a) (c) (b) (d) Grow
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color plate 13 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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color plate 21 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d)
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color plate 23 (c) (b) (a) (d) (e)
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color plate 25 (c) (a) (b) (d) (e)
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color plate 27 (a1) (a2) (b2) (b1)
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color plate 31 (a) (b) (c) Floral d
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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