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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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Simple Fruits<br />

Fleshy Fruits<br />

Drupe<br />

Berry<br />

Comprised mainly of ovary tissue<br />

Hesperidium<br />

Pepo<br />

Pome<br />

Comprised primarily of receptacle tissue<br />

Dry Fruits<br />

Dehiscent<br />

fruits<br />

Follicle<br />

Splits along one side<br />

Legume<br />

Silique<br />

Splits along two sides<br />

Capsule<br />

Splits along multiple sides<br />

Indehiscent<br />

fruits<br />

Nuts<br />

Schizocarp<br />

Thick pericarp<br />

Thin<br />

Samara<br />

Winged pericarp<br />

Aggregate Fruits<br />

Achene<br />

Pericarp not winged<br />

Multiple Fruits<br />

Caryopsis<br />

Pericarp fused to seed<br />

FIGURE 2–9<br />

A classification of fruits.<br />

1. Fleshy fruits.<br />

a. Drupe. A drupe may comprise one to several carpels. Usually, each carpel<br />

contains one seed. The endocarp (inner layer) of the fruit is hard <strong>and</strong> stony<br />

<strong>and</strong> is usually highly attached to the seed (Figure 2–10). Examples are<br />

cherry (Prunus spp.), olive, coconut (Cocos nucifera), peach (Prunus<br />

persica), <strong>and</strong> plum (Prunus domestica).<br />

b. Berry. A berry is a fruit characterized by an inner pulp that contains a few to<br />

several seeds but not pits. It is formed from one or several carpels. Examples<br />

are tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), grape (Vitis spp.), <strong>and</strong> pepper<br />

(Capsicum anuum) (Figure 2–11). If the exocarp (skin) is leathery <strong>and</strong><br />

contains oils, as in the citrus fruits (e.g., orange [Citrus sinensis], lemon<br />

[Citrus lemon], <strong>and</strong> grapefruit [Citrus paradisi]), the berry is called a<br />

hesperidium (Figure 2–12). Some berries have a thick rind, as in watermelon<br />

(Citrullus vulgaris), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), muskmelon (Cucumis<br />

melo), <strong>and</strong> pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) (Figure 2–13). This type of a berry is<br />

called a pepo.<br />

c. Pome. A pome is a pitted fruit with a stony interior. The pit usually contains<br />

one seed chamber <strong>and</strong> one seed. This very specialized fruit type develops<br />

from the ovary, with most of the fleshy part formed from the receptacle<br />

tissue (the enlarged base of the perianth) (Figure 2–14). Pomes are<br />

FIGURE 2–10 A drupe, represented<br />

by nectarine (Persica spp.). (Source: Philip<br />

Dowell © Dorling Kindersley)<br />

2.3 Other Classification Systems (Operational) 47

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