Horticulture Principles and Practices

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Examples of botanical gardens http://www.myriadgardens.com/index.html http://www.mobot.org/ http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/ Excellent overview of the history of horticulture. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/default.html General information on various aspects of horticulture. http://webgarden.osu.edu/ Jobs in horticulture as advertised by the American Society of Horticulture Science http://www.ashs.org/hortopport/index.html US Horticultural trade reports http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp_arc.asp PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE 1. Consult the commercial edition of your local telephone book (the yellow pages) and list up to ten businesses each in the following categories: a. Florists b. Nurseries or greenhouses 2. Visit a local business in each of the following categories. During the visit, obtain information about the following: plants cultivated (or plants and flowers used), educational level or training of the owner or manager, size of the operation, and profitability. a. Florist shop b. Greenhouse c. Vegetable farm d. Fruit farm 3. Visit the library for the following exercise. a. Select a local periodic publication. For a period (e.g., three months), count the number of advertised horticultural and allied jobs. b. Find the job description of each of the following jobs from, for example, the Occupational Outlook publication. 1. Golf course manager 2. Greenhouse manager 3. Three other horticultural jobs 4. Internet search. Search the Internet to find out the number of jobs advertised in the area of horticulture. You may want to search according to categories (e.g., teaching jobs, greenhouse jobs, floriculture, turfgrass, and so on). OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Briefly trace the history of horticulture. 2. Discuss, giving specific examples, the benefits of horticulture to society. 3. What is horticulture? 4. Discuss the roles of the seed and nursery industries in modern horticulture. Outcomes Assessment 27
5. Give specific reasons for the distribution of horticultural production in the United States. 6. Horticulture is a science, an art, and a business. Discuss. 7. Distinguish among the divisions of the disciplines of horticulture. 8. Discuss, giving specific examples, how horticulture can be used in society to positively impact the environment. 9. Discuss specific ways in which horticultural applications are manifested on your campus or residential neighborhood. 28 Chapter 1 What Is Horticulture?
Page 2 and 3: HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
Page 4 and 5: HORTICULTURE Principles and Practic
Page 6 and 7: With love to Theresa, quarterback;
Page 8 and 9: Brief Contents Preface xxi PART 1 T
Page 10 and 11: Contents Preface xxi PART 1 THE UND
Page 12 and 13: 5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160 5.4
Page 14 and 15: 8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
Page 16 and 17: 12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
Page 18 and 19: PART 6 Summary 541 References and S
Page 20 and 21: 22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
Page 22 and 23: Preface Horticulture is the area of
Page 24 and 25: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful
Page 26 and 27: PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE CHAPT
Page 28 and 29: 1 What Is Horticulture? PURPOSE AND
Page 30 and 31: (a) (c) (b) (d) FIGURE 1-1 The many
Page 32 and 33: FIGURE 1 Bridge. The plaza view of
Page 34 and 35: CYCADS Many people mistake these pr
Page 36 and 37: FIGURE 2 The world's largest unbran
Page 38 and 39: FIGURE 2 Sold flowers are loaded on
Page 40 and 41: FIGURE 1-4 Formal landscaping featu
Page 42 and 43: 1.4 ROLEOFTHENURSERY AND SEED INDUS
Page 44 and 45: 1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY Hortic
Page 46 and 47: TABLE 1-3 U.S. Horticultural Export
Page 48 and 49: Turfgrass Operation 1. Landscape te
Page 50 and 51: What Is Horticulture? This site pro
Page 54 and 55: 2 Classifying and Naming Horticultu
Page 56 and 57: Eight major taxa are commonly used
Page 58 and 59: TABLE 2-3 The Divisions of the King
Page 60 and 61: HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY PAUL R. F
Page 62 and 63: AGE OF HERBALISTS Two major events
Page 64 and 65: possible system of nomenclature. Ho
Page 66 and 67: TABLE 1 Type Categories for Plant N
Page 68 and 69: 2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (O
Page 70 and 71: 2. Shrubs. A shrub has no main trun
Page 72 and 73: Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe B
Page 74 and 75: FIGURE 2-14 A pome, represented by
Page 76 and 77: 2.3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
Page 78 and 79: (a) (b) FIGURE 2-22 (Source: George
Page 80 and 81: FIGURE 2-25 A narrowleaf plant. (So
Page 82 and 83: FIGURE 2-29 Parts of a typical gras
Page 84 and 85: such as rosemary, sage, thyme, marj
Page 86 and 87: c. Leaves d. Bulbs 2. Cut across (t
Page 88 and 89: Whole plant Organs FIGURE 3-1 Level
Page 90 and 91: ibonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, an
Page 92 and 93: called cristae; this extreme foldin
Page 94 and 95: By virtue of its position, the prim
Page 96 and 97: Phloem Tissue Structurally, phloem
Page 98 and 99: (a) Stalk (b) Culm FIGURE 3-5 Cross
Page 100 and 101: Scale Compressed stem (a) Whole bul
Page 102 and 103:
Upper epidermis Palisade layer FIGU
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usually occur in xerophytes. In cer
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FIGURE 3-22 Selected common leaf ma
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FIGURE 3-25 Selected common leaf ti
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absorption of water and minerals fr
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Outer bark Inner bark FIGURE 3-37 T
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Anther Filament Stamen FIGURE 3-41
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Exocarp Parts of a typi- FIGURE 3-4
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PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE LABORATORY 1.
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4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULT
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concentration in the atmosphere.A c
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TABLE 4-1 Climatic Adaptation of Se
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and upward. Another important gener
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Rate of photosynthesis mg/sq. dm/hr
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and plants that flower under only c
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times of the year. Growers start th
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content. This section is sometimes
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TABLE 4-7 Soil Mineral Nutrients Es
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Micronutrients (Trace Elements) Mic
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Neutral FIGURE 4-11 A representatio
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4.4 FERTILIZERS Fertilizer sources
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One of the most commonly used contr
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Chlorosis (the yellowing of green l
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Fertilizers may be applied before p
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It is neither practical nor safe to
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Solution: How much of ammonium nitr
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1°C (34°F), the optimum temperatu
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Cellulose sponge Perched water tabl
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Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation Water
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FIGURE 4-19 Furrow irrigation of le
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can self-install an underground irr
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1. Surface drainage. Surface draina
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Secondary Tillage Primary tillage i
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(a) (b) (c) (d) FIGURE 4-20 (Source
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texture. The most commonly used gra
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TABLE 4-11 Selected Standard Mixes
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Steam Pasteurization Steam pasteuri
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Maracher, H. 1986. Mineral nutritio
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5 Plant Physiology PURPOSE AND EXPE
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Growth in an organism follows a cer
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5.1.2 THE ROLE OF SIGNALS IN GROWTH
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waxes are embedded. Waxes consist o
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5.3.1 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis
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CO 2 FIGURE 5-6 The C 4 pathway of
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Growth and Development The general
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TABLE 5-2 Energy Produced from Aero
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Certain plants are adapted to dry e
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conditions exist to sustain growth
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Shoot Elongation In certain plants,
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for success, since high temperature
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FIGURE 5-13 Ripening of plantain sh
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Terminal bud removed Unbranched pla
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conditions—pertaining to light, m
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them to maturity. The major process
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6 Breeding Horticultural Plants PUR
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Similarly, there can be no plant br
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APPLICATION, CHALLENGES, AND PROSPE
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hit with target DNA. Therefore, it
Page 218 and 219:
Generally, within ten days of exper
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Aziz A.N., Sauve R.J., Zhou S., 200
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(b) F 1 Rr Rr round round F 2 RR R
Page 224 and 225:
e.g., Aa × Aa), the lethal allele
Page 226 and 227:
eeder’s equation. Simply stated,
Page 228 and 229:
Before the seed or product becomes
Page 230 and 231:
6.18.2 THE GENERAL STEPS OF RDNA TE
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2. Political disagreement. There ar
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Ac
Page 236 and 237:
PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLA
Page 238 and 239:
7 Biological Enemies of Horticultur
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8. Weeds may clog drains, waterways
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is also a root parasite that obtain
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LEGISLATIVE Both state and federal
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Example Integrated cultural, physic
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7.4.2 IMPORTANT INSECT ORDERS Insec
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Egg FIGURE 7-3 Life cycle of an ins
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sucking insects (also found with so
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FIGURE 7-12 Corn earworm damage. (S
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TABLE 7-1 Selected Fungal Diseases
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7.6.1 SMALL ANIMALS Rabbits, mice,
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FIGURE 7-16 The disease triangle. P
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fungitoxic exudates in its leaves,
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SUMMARY Insects are a major class o
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For the home growers or those who c
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for consumers and the environment).
Page 270 and 271:
TABLE 8-1 Strategy 4: Strategies an
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gibberellic acid spray overcomes st
Page 274 and 275:
In a competitive industry, a variet
Page 276 and 277:
Chemicals gain access to humans thr
Page 278 and 279:
2. Pesticide management. Controllin
Page 280 and 281:
Every organism has its natural enem
Page 282 and 283:
TABLE 8-3 Selected Examples of Biol
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1 2 YEAR 3 4 FIGURE 8-5 cycle. A cr
Page 286 and 287:
6. Heat treatment. In the greenhous
Page 288 and 289:
Organic Compounds (Organics) Organi
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under enclosed conditions (e.g., wa
Page 292 and 293:
FIGURE 8-9 A tractor-mounted spraye
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8.11.9 LANDSCAPE PESTS AND THEIR CO
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application, a particular herbicide
Page 298 and 299:
Further, they do not provide unifor
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SUMMARY Herbicides are chemicals us
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Sulfur may be applied for both prev
Page 304 and 305:
8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES
Page 306 and 307:
PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PL
Page 308 and 309:
9 Sexual Propagation PURPOSE AND EX
Page 310 and 311:
Anther Microspore Megaspore mother
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Lettuce seeds Red light Darkness Fa
Page 314 and 315:
FEDERAL AND STATE SEED LAWS Federal
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Germination Test In laboratory prac
Page 318 and 319:
FIGURE 15 The essential structures
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processing into flour or meal). How
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physiologically immature seeds must
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seeds may be treated in this way be
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The two basic modes of seedling eme
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locations in the field. Home garden
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FIGURE 9-9 A plastic flat. (Source:
Page 332 and 333:
(a) (b) FIGURE 9-12 (a) Sowing seed
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y the gardener or grower. Whatever
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REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING Co
Page 338 and 339:
species enables vegetative propagat
Page 340 and 341:
for rapid rooting. There are two ba
Page 342 and 343:
Cutting involving one node (e.g., s
Page 344 and 345:
This practice is especially importa
Page 346 and 347:
10.6.4 STICKING THE CUTTING Cutting
Page 348 and 349:
(a) Indexing by budding Diseased pl
Page 350 and 351:
10.11 M ETHODS OF GRAFTING Grafting
Page 352 and 353:
Scion Wax FIGURE 10-17 Steps in bar
Page 354 and 355:
MODULE 3 BUDDING 10.12 TYPES OF BUD
Page 356 and 357:
MODULE 4 LAYERING 10.13 TYPES OF LA
Page 358 and 359:
Buried part of shoot is nicked FIGU
Page 360 and 361:
variety of ways. In air layering, a
Page 362 and 363:
FIGURE 10-34 by using cormels. Prop
Page 364 and 365:
Psuedobulbs In the Dendrobium orchi
Page 366 and 367:
The technique is used widely in cro
Page 368 and 369:
PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS CHAPT
Page 370 and 371:
11 Growing Houseplants PURPOSE AND
Page 372 and 373:
TABLE 11-1 Common houseplants Commo
Page 374 and 375:
Saddle leaf Philodendron selloum To
Page 376 and 377:
Window Displays Plants in windows e
Page 378 and 379:
CONTAINER GARDENS DR. TERRI W. STAR
Page 380 and 381:
annuals and hardy perennial species
Page 382 and 383:
of the large container filled with
Page 384 and 385:
perfection about four to six weeks
Page 386 and 387:
FIGURE 11-6 Flowers displayed on th
Page 388 and 389:
TABLE 11-5 Plant Selected Plants fo
Page 390 and 391:
The lighting condition near these w
Page 392 and 393:
Fluorescent Lights Fluorescent ligh
Page 394 and 395:
may be used for one pot or a group
Page 396 and 397:
garden rooms, atriums, or a large c
Page 398 and 399:
The photoperiod affects when the ho
Page 400 and 401:
patted firm to keep the plant erect
Page 402 and 403:
Other Materials Apart from clay and
Page 404 and 405:
(a) ( FIGURE 11-25 Support for plan
Page 406 and 407:
TABLE 11-7 Common Problems of House
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• Keep soil moist all the time
Page 410 and 411:
• Prefers high temperatures • P
Page 412 and 413:
amount and quality of light. If sup
Page 414 and 415:
12 Controlled-Environment Horticult
Page 416 and 417:
6. Curvilinear 7. Curved eave 8. Do
Page 418 and 419:
Detached greenhouses have several a
Page 420 and 421:
12.2.3 FRAME DESIGN There are two b
Page 422 and 423:
horticultural business a less-expen
Page 424 and 425:
Texas, Hawaii, and California. The
Page 426 and 427:
source of heat for times when the t
Page 428 and 429:
FIGURE 12-17 Greenhouse production
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FIGURE 12-21 Moving tables allowing
Page 432 and 433:
Research program on greenhouse engi
Page 434 and 435:
greenhouses equipped with a variety
Page 436 and 437:
FIGURE 1 Annual energy required per
Page 438 and 439:
This system was demonstrated in a 5
Page 440 and 441:
FIGURE 6 Amounts of waste energy ut
Page 442 and 443:
Ekholt, B.A., D.R. Mears, M.S. Gini
Page 444 and 445:
or object to be warmed. Failure to
Page 446 and 447:
objects in its path (e.g., the floo
Page 448 and 449:
FIGURE 12-27 Motorized ventilation
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FIGURE 12-30 Movable internal shade
Page 452 and 453:
FIGURE 12-33 A high pressure sodium
Page 454 and 455:
Source of Water The quality of loca
Page 456 and 457:
FIGURE 12-37 Overhead sprinkler irr
Page 458 and 459:
Intermittent Feed Greenhouse plants
Page 460 and 461:
However, in winter, greenhouse vent
Page 462 and 463:
OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT 1. Explain the
Page 464 and 465:
. Foliage or green plants. Foliage
Page 466 and 467:
2. Labor. The size of the labor for
Page 468 and 469:
FIGURE 13-1 Greenhouse production o
Page 470 and 471:
FIGURE 13-2 Lettuce plug is inserte
Page 472 and 473:
13.8.4 AGGREGATE HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS
Page 474 and 475:
(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 13-6 Plug produc
Page 476 and 477:
14 Growing Succulents PURPOSE AND E
Page 478 and 479:
FIGURE 14-3 Leaf succulent represen
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frost-hardy. Their rosettes are usu
Page 482 and 483:
TABLE 14-1 Plant Selected Popular S
Page 484 and 485:
(a) (b) FIGURE 14-12 Typical bromel
Page 486 and 487:
14.7.1 WHAT ARE CACTI? 14.7 CACTI C
Page 488 and 489:
FIGURE 14-16 Opuntia. (Source: Crai
Page 490 and 491:
FIGURE 14-23 Mammillaria. (Source:
Page 492 and 493:
FIGURE 14-28 Both desert and jungle
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Growing mix Gravel Cacti (a) (b) FI
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PART5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNA
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15 Principles of Landscaping PURPOS
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8. Create recreational grounds. Suc
Page 502 and 503:
knowledge, with concern for resourc
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(a) (b) (c) FIGURE 15-2 The occurre
Page 506 and 507:
GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN DAV
Page 508 and 509:
the landscape. Some very successful
Page 510 and 511:
Rhythm and Line Panoramic view of a
Page 512 and 513:
FIGURE 15-10 A formal garden. The e
Page 514 and 515:
How frequently do they entertain? A
Page 516 and 517:
the patio should be located on the
Page 518 and 519:
15.7.1 SELECTING PLANTS A homeowner
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Plant Arrangement in the Landscape
Page 522 and 523:
Shadow FIGURE 15-15 Planting a tree
Page 524 and 525:
SUMMARY Landscaping enhances the su
Page 526 and 527:
3. Supply materials on a timely bas
Page 528 and 529:
such as preparation rooms (for mixi
Page 530 and 531:
of environmental fluctuations. Furt
Page 532 and 533:
FIGURE 16-4 A bare-root tree seedli
Page 534 and 535:
17 Installation of the Landscape PU
Page 536 and 537:
for walks, driveways, and patios (F
Page 538 and 539:
Planting may be limited to accentin
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17.3.3 PREPARING THE BED The soil s
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FIGURE 17-4 Bedding plants raised i
Page 544 and 545:
SUMMARY Bedding plants are largely
Page 546 and 547:
TABLE 17-6 Selected Ground Covers T
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TABLE 17-7 Selected Ornamental Gras
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they determine the success and surv
Page 552 and 553:
12. Wildlife attraction. Trees in t
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pennsylvanica), hackberry (Celtis s
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y winds. A stake, which is often a
Page 558 and 559:
TABLE 17-8 Selected Narrowleaf Ever
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TABLE 17-11 Selected Deciduous Shru
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Blooming bushes 1. Blue mist shrub
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Planting Bulblets and Bulbils Speci
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may be divided such that each secti
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FIGURE 18-1 (Source: George Acquaah
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Cool-Season (Temperate) Grasses In
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Growth Habit Turfgrasses are the mo
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Heavy Use Lawns on playgrounds and
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The seed should be free from weeds
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Source of Sod As with seed, sod sup
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A plug of sod FIGURE 18-7 Plugging
Page 582 and 583:
way, plants are able to adapt to th
Page 584 and 585:
form of a can placed on the lawn wi
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TABLE 18-3 Some Common Lawn and Tur
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even surface soil surface for layin
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MacCaskey, M. 1987. All about lawns
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Pruning is sometimes done in conjun
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4. Pruning may be done to reduce th
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19.4.2 SAWS A saw may be designed t
Page 598 and 599:
defeat the purpose of pruning. The
Page 600 and 601:
Bud withers as cut end dries back d
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19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGR
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Rejuvenation Pruning Cut canes to a
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3. In the third and subsequent year
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(a) Cut Prune (b) FIGURE 19-16 Step
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Eucalyptus and Paulownia are amenab
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TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT
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Summer pruning eliminates an energy
Page 616 and 617:
a) b) FIGURE 2 Newly planted apple
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FIGURE 6 Wooden limb spreaders can
Page 620 and 621:
FIGURE 9. An apple tree trained to
Page 622 and 623:
years to promote continued lateral
Page 624 and 625:
Horizontal Espalier The horizontal
Page 626 and 627:
19.16.1 CANE FRUITS Cane fruits are
Page 628 and 629:
FIGURE 19-26 Shearing of Christmas
Page 630 and 631:
pyramid-like form that is wider at
Page 632 and 633:
After selecting the appropriate spe
Page 634 and 635:
PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEG
Page 636 and 637:
20 Growing Vegetables Outdoors PURP
Page 638 and 639:
The National Agricultural Statistic
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(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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growers should take to determine an
Page 644 and 645:
pests and reduce/ eliminate hail da
Page 646 and 647:
square yard (10 to 68 grams per squ
Page 648 and 649:
High tunnels help increase the prof
Page 650 and 651:
(This item omitted from WebBook edi
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20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES Fresh V
Page 654 and 655:
Establishing the Crop Planting into
Page 656 and 657:
home water supply from the tap. Thi
Page 658 and 659:
Cole crop Cabbage Root Potato Bean
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6. Adequate nutrition. While overfe
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variable, ranging from creamy yello
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There are two general production pr
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This toxin is heat resistant and no
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large, or jumbo. The bulb may be sw
Page 670 and 671:
REFERENCES Growing selected vegetab
Page 672 and 673:
TABLE 21-1 Popular Herbs and Their
Page 674 and 675:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) FIGURE 21-1
Page 676 and 677:
22 Organic Farming PURPOSE AND EXPE
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22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
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and the specific materials to be us
Page 682 and 683:
22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY
Page 684 and 685:
preemergent or early postemergent o
Page 686 and 687:
Composting is a deliberate activity
Page 688 and 689:
22.14.5 THE CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATI
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Moisture Supply Water is required b
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Compost materials FIGURE 22-4 a wir
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As microbial decomposition proceeds
Page 696 and 697:
Establishment and Management of an
Page 698 and 699:
night, freezing can occur in spring
Page 700 and 701:
accomplished by stratification. It
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transmitted by the dagger nematode
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PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDL
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24 Cut Flowers and Floral Design PU
Page 708 and 709:
to more than four-fold in standard
Page 710 and 711:
Temperature and Humidity Wilting re
Page 712 and 713:
FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW BY WM. J
Page 714 and 715:
Principle Definition Types (or Uses
Page 716 and 717:
pH value-a measure of the acidity o
Page 718 and 719:
FIGURE 6 Parallel Design-Parallel d
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24.3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS The tool
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3. Establish the focal point. 4. Ad
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Natural Drying To dry naturally, fl
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24.4.3 DRIED FLOWER ARRANGEMENTS Dr
Page 728 and 729:
25 Terrarium Culture PURPOSE AND EX
Page 730 and 731:
FIGURE 25-3 Terrarium containers ar
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FIGURE 25-5 Assortment of tools use
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25.6.7 ENHANCING THE DISPLAY Certai
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(a) (b) FIGURE 26-1 Bonsai can be c
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TABLE 26-3 Plant A Selection of Pop
Page 740 and 741:
26.3.1 COLLECTING BONSAI PLANTS FRO
Page 742 and 743:
Strip bark Bare branch FIGURE 26-9
Page 744 and 745:
26.5.2 SANITATION It is critical to
Page 746 and 747:
27 Postharvest Handling and Marketi
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whereas oranges are picked (they ha
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(b) (a) (c) (d) (e1) (e2) (f) FIGUR
Page 752 and 753:
To reduce packaging injury, contain
Page 754 and 755:
is replaced by the by-product of re
Page 756 and 757:
Stored produce may lose some color,
Page 758 and 759:
with pricing. When selling by volum
Page 760 and 761:
(a) (b) FIGURE 27-5 Horticultural p
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APPENDIX A Temperature: Converting
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APPENDIX B Metric Conversion Chart
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APPENDIX D Common and Scientific Na
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Pecan (Carya illinoensis) Peony (Pa
Page 770 and 771:
GLOSSARY A Abaxial Turned away from
Page 772 and 773:
Cellulose A complex carbohydrate th
Page 774 and 775:
Floriculture The science and practi
Page 776 and 777:
M Macronutrient An essential elemen
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Root cap A mass of hard cells cover
Page 780 and 781:
INDEX A-frame, 395 A-horizon, 108 A
Page 782 and 783:
defined, 390 fertilization, 432-434
Page 784 and 785:
Radiant heaters, 378 Radicle, 90 Re
Page 786 and 787:
color plate 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) M
Page 788 and 789:
color plate 3 (b) (a) (c) (d) (e) (
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color plate 5 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e) (
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Horticulture Principles and Practices

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