The Context of HIV Risk Among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners

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Weatherbum, P.; Davies, P.M.; Hickson, F.C.I.; Hunt, A.J.; McManus, T.J.; and Coxon, A.P.M. No connection between alcohol use and unsafe sex among gay and bisexual men. AIDS 7:115-119, 1993. AUTHOR David G. Ostrow, M.D., Ph.D. Center for AIDS Intervention Research Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Sciences Medical College of Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road Milwaukee, WI 53226 113
Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Sex Workers: Results of Two Samples in San Francisco Dan Waldorf INTRODUCTION Shortly after it was discovered that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) could be transmitted by sexual activities, there was concern that prostitutes might be active HIV transmitters and might also be vectors of transmission to low-risk groups such as heterosexual men, women who were not prostitutes, and children. The first concerns were about female prostitutes, particularly after it was learned that prostitutes who worked along arterial highways in several African countries were transmitting HIV to men who traveled such routes. Somewhat later, male prostitutes also were considered as a potential high-risk group and a possible vector to bisexual family men, their wives, and children. This chapter summarizes the research that describes the contexts of HIV risk among prostitutes, with a particular emphasis on males. HIV SEROPREVALENCE TESTING AMONG PROSTITUTES In response to the concern about female prostitution and the spread of HIV in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) undertook eight different studies of 1,396 female sex workers in the United States during 1986. A summary of these findings was reported in Scotland during 1989 and was subsequently published in 1990 (Darrow et al. 1990). The studies found that only 4.8 percent of the non-injecting drug using (non-IDU) female prostitutes were HIV positive. Among IDU female prostitutes, the percentage who were HIV positive was considerably greater at 19.9 percent. Among the 8 sites for the studies, HIV rates varied considerably for IDU female prostitutes, from 0 percent to 58.3 percent. The highest percentages of HIV-positive IDU female prostitutes were in New Jersey (42.9 percent in southern New Jersey and 58.3 percent in northern New Jersey) and Miami (26.6 percent). In Atlanta, the percentage was only 1.5 percent. 114
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National Institute on Drug Abuse RE
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
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Partners. The review was held April
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Inciardi, J.A.; Lockwood, D.; and P
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highlights the critical importance
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AUTHOR Richard H. Needle, Ph.D., M.
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Blower and colleagues (1991) have p
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Even in areas with low seroprevalen
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involves using a syringe to draw bl
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Hispanics were less likely to repor
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victimization through theft, violen
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sharing? When are needles deliberat
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Chitwood, D.D.; McCoy, C.B.; Inciar
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Page, J.B.; Smith, P.C.; and Kane,
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HIV/AIDS Risks Among Male, Heterose
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during that time, and the possibili
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All of these issues and considerati
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ecoming the norm for both male and
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the skin on his penis while having
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REFERENCES Ball, J.C., and Chambers
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Johnson, A.M.; Petherick, A.; David
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Vogt, M.W.; Craven, D.E.; Crawford,
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transmission from males to females
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(this volume), there is little atte
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Clayton, R.; Voss, H.; Robbins, C.;
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Female Drug Abusers and the Context
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have the data but interpret it supe
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important to examine current studie
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found in this study was low socioec
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who trade sex for crack; and simila
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esponsibilities in perspective. Suc
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Robles and colleagues (1990) examin
Page 67 and 68: The lack of rational thought separa
Page 69 and 70: Factors Associated With Sexual Risk
Page 71 and 72: Factors Associated With Poverty A n
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Page 77 and 78: coherence—the sense that life is
Page 79 and 80: the change agent may be a crucial f
Page 81 and 82: Centers for Disease Control and Pre
Page 83 and 84: Jemmott, J.B.; Jemmott, L.S.; Spear
Page 85 and 86: O’Leary, A.; Celentano, D.; Maiba
Page 87 and 88: Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Gay and
Page 89 and 90: with 34.6 percent of gay men and 28
Page 91 and 92: found among both hustlers and call
Page 93 and 94: Substance Use and HIV-Transmitting
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 1. Prevalence of substance us
Page 97 and 98: less than 2 percent of participants
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 2. Quantity of alcohol use am
Page 101 and 102: A fourth study of gay/bisexual men,
Page 103 and 104: in mind, however, that most of the
Page 105 and 106: seropositivity and reported NMPD us
Page 107 and 108: interaction and education than men
Page 109 and 110: Geographic differences found in the
Page 111 and 112: that they are intending or desirous
Page 113 and 114: enough is known in general about th
Page 115 and 116: REFERENCES Calzavara, L.M.; Coates,
Page 117: Ostrow, D.G.; Beltran, E.; Chmiel,
Page 121 and 122: prostitutes were HIV positive, as c
Page 123 and 124: Trade hustlers are usually heterose
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. Number of Completed Interv
Page 127 and 128: diagnosed slightly more often than
Page 129 and 130: TABLE 2. Injection Drug Use by Type
Page 131 and 132: By the 100th interview, the screeni
Page 133 and 134: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In general,
Page 135 and 136: Plant, M. Sex work, alcohol, drugs
Page 137 and 138: HIV Risk in Drug-Using Adolescents
Page 139 and 140: AUTHOR Vincent L. Smeriglio, Ph.D.
Page 141 and 142: comprise 23 percent of all adolesce
Page 143 and 144: 232 (18 percent) of the cases; and
Page 145 and 146: Although these data provide an over
Page 147 and 148: Most of these were unprotected sexu
Page 149 and 150: national epidemiologic survey of hi
Page 151 and 152: Hawkins et al. 1992; Newcomb et al.
Page 153 and 154: higher rates of HIV/AIDS in adolesc
Page 155 and 156: Boyer, C.B. Psychosocial, behaviora
Page 157 and 158: Irwin, C.E., Jr., and Shafer, M.A.
Page 159 and 160: Zweig Greenberg, MS.; Singh, T.; Ht
Page 161 and 162: the types of intervention strategie
Page 163 and 164: from a study group of 52 youths who
Page 165 and 166: forearm during a sexual episode. At
Page 167 and 168: I was nice looking, like I can do a
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It is unclear whether the disinhibi
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continual sexual dysfunction was re
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TWEAKING, FREAKING, AND OVER-AMPING
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highway of love. It’s like, I’d
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Unprotected sexual activity is more
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alternatives and opportunities, and
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the night and food for the morning.
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7. also can help youths explore and
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Jessor, R., and Jessor, S.L. Proble
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AUTHORS Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, P
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Brunswick goes on to discuss the le
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permission-giving introductions to
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conversion and perhaps even serocon
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TABLE 1. Ecological paradigm of con
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TECHNICAL ISSUES Technical issues i
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eliability. It seems obvious that q
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sometimes as many as three zip code
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Resources and effort are required t
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Brunswick, A.F.; Lewis, C.S.; and M
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The Context of Risk: Ethnographic C
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same meaning may be extended to dru
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THE CONTEXT OF RISK Context is an a
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hurried, and adequate needle cleani
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degrading sexual acts, poignantly m
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searched me and I had stashed the c
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REFERENCES Agar, M. The Professiona
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Ouellet, L. J.; Jimenez, A.D.; John
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Assessing the Reliability and Valid
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TABLE 1. Sociodemographic profile o
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Table 2 shows percentage agreement
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FORENSIC TECHNIQUES TO DOCUMENT SEL
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cross-tabulated with dichotomous me
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TABLE 6. Relationship of question t
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aggravate self-presentation bias. T
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TABLE 8. Percent of subjects report
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intercourse, and since anal interco
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Future Directions for Studies on th
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abusers, and other variables are ne
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Behavior patterns can be clarified
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As Des Jarlais noted, designs and a
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strengths within a setting or indiv
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National Institute on While limited
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62 NEUROSCIENCE METHODS IN DRUG ABU
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89 BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY TO DRUG
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111 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO DRUG AB
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127 PROGRESS AND ISSUES IN CASE MAN
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NIH Publication No. 94-3750 Printed
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