The Context of HIV Risk Among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners

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3. Prevention Point, the large needle exchange program that began its exchanges in the Tenderloin, was not operating at the time, so there was no sudden availability of syringes. 4. Shortly before and during the second survey there was an ongoing debate in the gay community, particularly in the gay press, about the safety of oral sex. Many believed that HIV could not be transmitted via oral sex, and this may have had some impact on call men’s attitudes and behaviors about condom use and oral sex. REFERENCES Biernacki, P., and Waldorf, D. Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociol Meth Res 10 (2):141-163, 1981. Chaisson, M.A.; Lifson, A.R.; Stoneburner, R.L.; Ewing, W.; Hildebrandt, D.; and Jaffe, H.W. HIV-1 seroprevalence in male and female prostitutes in New York City. Abstract. 6th International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1988. Coutinho, R.A.; van Andel, R.L.M.; and Rysdyk, T.J. Role of male prostitutes in spread of sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. [Letter] Genitourin Med 64:207-208, 1988. Darrow, W., and the Centers for Disease Control Collaborative Group for the Study of HIV-1 in Selected Women. Prostitution, intravenous drug use, and HIV-1 in the United States. In: Plant, M., ed. AIDS, Drugs and Prostitution. London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1990. Elifson, K.W.; Boles, J.; and Sweat, M. Risk factors associated with HIV infection among male prostitutes. Am J Pub Health 83(1):79-83, 1993a. Elifson, K.W.; Boles, J.; Posey, E.; Sweat, M.; Darrow, W.; and Elsea, W. Male transvestite prostitutes and HIV risk. Am J Pub Health 83(2), 1993b. Inciardi, J.A.; Pottieger, A.E.; Forney, M.A.; Chitwood, D.D.; and McBride, D.C. Prostitution, IV drug use, and sex-for-crack exchanges among serious delinquents: Risks for HIV infection. Criminology 29(2):221-235, 1991. Morse, E.B.; Simon, P.M.; Osofsky, H.J.; Balson, P.M.; and Gaumer, H.R. The male street prostitute: A vector for transmission of HIV infection into the heterosexual world. Soc Sci Med 32(5):535-539, 1991. 129
Plant, M. Sex work, alcohol, drugs and AIDS. In: Plant, M., ed. AIDS, Drugs and Prostitution. London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1990. Pleak, R., and Meyer-Bahlberg, H. Sexual behavior and AIDS knowledge of young male prostitutes in Manhattan. J Sex Res 27:557-587, 1990. Thomas, R.M. AIDS risks, alcohol, drugs, and the sex industry: a Scottish study. Plant, M., ed. In: AIDS, Drugs and Prostitution London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1990. Tirelli, U.; Vaccher, E.; Diodatao, S.; Bosio, P.; De Paoli, P.; and Crotti, D. HIV infection among female and male prostitutes. Abstract. Third International Conference on AIDS, June 1-5, 1987. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the World Health Organization, 1987. Tirelli, U.; Vaccher, E.; Bullian, P.; Saracchini, S.; Errante, D.; Zagonel, V.; and Serraino, D. HIV-1 seroprevalence in male prostitutes in Northeastern Italy. [Letter] J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1:414-415, 1988. Waldorf, D., and Murphy, S. IV drug use and syringe sharing practices of call men and hustlers. In: Plant, M., ed. AIDS, Drugs and Prostitution. London: Tavistock/Routledge, 1990. Waldorf, D.; Murphy, S.; Lauderback, D.; Reinarman, C.; and Marotta, T. Needle sharing among male prostitutes: preliminary findings of the Prospero Project. J Drug Issues 20:309-334, 1990. Waldorf, D., and Lauderback, D. The condom use of male sex workers in San Francisco. AIDS Pub Pol J Summer: 108-119, 1992. Waldorf, D., and Lauderback, D. Condom failure among male sex workers in San Francisco. AIDS Pub Pol J Summer 8(2):79-90, 1993. Watters, L., and Biernacki, P. Targeted sampling: options for the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl 6:1989. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The data for this paper were generated with support by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (#R01-DA04535) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (#5 R01 HD26282). 130
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National Institute on Drug Abuse RE
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
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Partners. The review was held April
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Inciardi, J.A.; Lockwood, D.; and P
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highlights the critical importance
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AUTHOR Richard H. Needle, Ph.D., M.
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Blower and colleagues (1991) have p
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Even in areas with low seroprevalen
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involves using a syringe to draw bl
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Hispanics were less likely to repor
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victimization through theft, violen
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sharing? When are needles deliberat
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Chitwood, D.D.; McCoy, C.B.; Inciar
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Page, J.B.; Smith, P.C.; and Kane,
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HIV/AIDS Risks Among Male, Heterose
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during that time, and the possibili
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All of these issues and considerati
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ecoming the norm for both male and
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the skin on his penis while having
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REFERENCES Ball, J.C., and Chambers
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Johnson, A.M.; Petherick, A.; David
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Vogt, M.W.; Craven, D.E.; Crawford,
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transmission from males to females
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(this volume), there is little atte
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Clayton, R.; Voss, H.; Robbins, C.;
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Female Drug Abusers and the Context
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have the data but interpret it supe
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important to examine current studie
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found in this study was low socioec
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who trade sex for crack; and simila
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esponsibilities in perspective. Suc
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Robles and colleagues (1990) examin
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The lack of rational thought separa
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Factors Associated With Sexual Risk
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Factors Associated With Poverty A n
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encouraging such women to leave the
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Hispanic women but extramarital aff
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coherence—the sense that life is
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the change agent may be a crucial f
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Centers for Disease Control and Pre
Page 83 and 84: Jemmott, J.B.; Jemmott, L.S.; Spear
Page 85 and 86: O’Leary, A.; Celentano, D.; Maiba
Page 87 and 88: Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Gay and
Page 89 and 90: with 34.6 percent of gay men and 28
Page 91 and 92: found among both hustlers and call
Page 93 and 94: Substance Use and HIV-Transmitting
Page 95 and 96: TABLE 1. Prevalence of substance us
Page 97 and 98: less than 2 percent of participants
Page 99 and 100: TABLE 2. Quantity of alcohol use am
Page 101 and 102: A fourth study of gay/bisexual men,
Page 103 and 104: in mind, however, that most of the
Page 105 and 106: seropositivity and reported NMPD us
Page 107 and 108: interaction and education than men
Page 109 and 110: Geographic differences found in the
Page 111 and 112: that they are intending or desirous
Page 113 and 114: enough is known in general about th
Page 115 and 116: REFERENCES Calzavara, L.M.; Coates,
Page 117 and 118: Ostrow, D.G.; Beltran, E.; Chmiel,
Page 119 and 120: Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
Page 121 and 122: prostitutes were HIV positive, as c
Page 123 and 124: Trade hustlers are usually heterose
Page 125 and 126: TABLE 1. Number of Completed Interv
Page 127 and 128: diagnosed slightly more often than
Page 129 and 130: TABLE 2. Injection Drug Use by Type
Page 131 and 132: By the 100th interview, the screeni
Page 133: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In general,
Page 137 and 138: HIV Risk in Drug-Using Adolescents
Page 139 and 140: AUTHOR Vincent L. Smeriglio, Ph.D.
Page 141 and 142: comprise 23 percent of all adolesce
Page 143 and 144: 232 (18 percent) of the cases; and
Page 145 and 146: Although these data provide an over
Page 147 and 148: Most of these were unprotected sexu
Page 149 and 150: national epidemiologic survey of hi
Page 151 and 152: Hawkins et al. 1992; Newcomb et al.
Page 153 and 154: higher rates of HIV/AIDS in adolesc
Page 155 and 156: Boyer, C.B. Psychosocial, behaviora
Page 157 and 158: Irwin, C.E., Jr., and Shafer, M.A.
Page 159 and 160: Zweig Greenberg, MS.; Singh, T.; Ht
Page 161 and 162: the types of intervention strategie
Page 163 and 164: from a study group of 52 youths who
Page 165 and 166: forearm during a sexual episode. At
Page 167 and 168: I was nice looking, like I can do a
Page 169 and 170: It is unclear whether the disinhibi
Page 171 and 172: continual sexual dysfunction was re
Page 173 and 174: TWEAKING, FREAKING, AND OVER-AMPING
Page 175 and 176: highway of love. It’s like, I’d
Page 177 and 178: Unprotected sexual activity is more
Page 179 and 180: alternatives and opportunities, and
Page 181 and 182: the night and food for the morning.
Page 183 and 184: 7. also can help youths explore and
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Jessor, R., and Jessor, S.L. Proble
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AUTHORS Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, P
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Brunswick goes on to discuss the le
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permission-giving introductions to
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conversion and perhaps even serocon
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TABLE 1. Ecological paradigm of con
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TECHNICAL ISSUES Technical issues i
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eliability. It seems obvious that q
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sometimes as many as three zip code
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Resources and effort are required t
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Brunswick, A.F.; Lewis, C.S.; and M
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The Context of Risk: Ethnographic C
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same meaning may be extended to dru
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THE CONTEXT OF RISK Context is an a
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hurried, and adequate needle cleani
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degrading sexual acts, poignantly m
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searched me and I had stashed the c
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REFERENCES Agar, M. The Professiona
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Ouellet, L. J.; Jimenez, A.D.; John
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Assessing the Reliability and Valid
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TABLE 1. Sociodemographic profile o
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Table 2 shows percentage agreement
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FORENSIC TECHNIQUES TO DOCUMENT SEL
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cross-tabulated with dichotomous me
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TABLE 6. Relationship of question t
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aggravate self-presentation bias. T
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TABLE 8. Percent of subjects report
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intercourse, and since anal interco
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Future Directions for Studies on th
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abusers, and other variables are ne
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Behavior patterns can be clarified
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As Des Jarlais noted, designs and a
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strengths within a setting or indiv
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National Institute on While limited
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62 NEUROSCIENCE METHODS IN DRUG ABU
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89 BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY TO DRUG
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111 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO DRUG AB
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127 PROGRESS AND ISSUES IN CASE MAN
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NIH Publication No. 94-3750 Printed
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