The Context of HIV Risk Among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners

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TABLE 5. Relationship of social desirability to self-reported risk-related behaviors (N = 508) Percent who reported Injection behaviors Borrowed dirty needle, past 6 months Borrowed dirty needle, past 30 days Shared cooker or cotton, past 30 days Social desirability Low Moderate High Very high P 61.7 45.5 48.1 36.8 0.08 52.6 35.0 33.3 27.1 0.000 82.1 68.0 74.1 61.5 0.003 Sexual behaviors Ever used condoms 12.7 16.5 12.3 15.5 NS Some condom use, past 30 days 34.7 39.1 36.9 39.3 NS 100 percent condom use, past 30 days 16.8 15.9 22.3 19.1 NS Oral sex, past 30 days 58.1 61.8 62.3 53.5 NS Anal intercourse, ever 67.9 66.0 61.5 50.9 0.03 Anal intercourse, past 6 months 15.3 13.6 15.4 11.2 NS NS = nonsignificant
TABLE 6. Relationship of question threat to self-reported risk-related behaviors (N = 508) Percent who reported Injection behaviors Borrowed dirty needle, past 6 months Borrowed dirty needle, past 30 days Shared cooker or cotton, past 30 days Question threat Low Moderate High p 50.5 47.8 49.0 NS 39.8 37.7 32.7 NS 74.6 72.6 59.6 NS Sexual behaviors Ever used condoms 85.3 87.1 82.1 NS Some condom use, past 30 days 38.1 37.3 36.8 NS 100 percent condom use, past 30 days 19.1 19.2 19.1 NS Oral sex, past 30 days 46.8 57.8 69.1 0.03 Anal intercourse, ever 58.1 63 59.5 NS Anal intercourse, past 6 months 8.1 14.8 13.1 NS NS = nonsignificant Sexual Self-Disclosure A final analysis examined covariance of self-reported sexual practices with a measure of respondents’ comfort with disclosing information about sexual practices. In a previous study, a variant of this measure predicted refusal to answer questions in a human sexuality study (Catania et al. 1986). The authors hypothesized that high-disclosing respondents would acknowledge a greater degree of risk behavior. As with social desirability, the measure was collapsed into quartiles to examine its relationship with self-reported risk behavior. There was one relationship, a trend, in which the lowest quartile reported less oral sex (see table 7). Improving the Validity of Self-Reports The findings reported in the previous section, particularly those showing self-reports to be downwardly biased by social desirability, point to the need for measures that minimize self-presentation bias. In Response Effects in Surveys (1974), Sudman and Bradburn reviewed evidence that response effects were generally greater for threatening than for nonthreatening questions and suggested that threatening questions may 228
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National Institute on Drug Abuse RE
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
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Partners. The review was held April
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Inciardi, J.A.; Lockwood, D.; and P
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highlights the critical importance
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AUTHOR Richard H. Needle, Ph.D., M.
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Blower and colleagues (1991) have p
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Even in areas with low seroprevalen
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involves using a syringe to draw bl
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Hispanics were less likely to repor
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victimization through theft, violen
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sharing? When are needles deliberat
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Chitwood, D.D.; McCoy, C.B.; Inciar
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Page, J.B.; Smith, P.C.; and Kane,
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HIV/AIDS Risks Among Male, Heterose
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during that time, and the possibili
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All of these issues and considerati
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ecoming the norm for both male and
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the skin on his penis while having
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REFERENCES Ball, J.C., and Chambers
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Johnson, A.M.; Petherick, A.; David
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Vogt, M.W.; Craven, D.E.; Crawford,
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transmission from males to females
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(this volume), there is little atte
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Clayton, R.; Voss, H.; Robbins, C.;
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Female Drug Abusers and the Context
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have the data but interpret it supe
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important to examine current studie
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found in this study was low socioec
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who trade sex for crack; and simila
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esponsibilities in perspective. Suc
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Robles and colleagues (1990) examin
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The lack of rational thought separa
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Factors Associated With Sexual Risk
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Factors Associated With Poverty A n
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encouraging such women to leave the
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Hispanic women but extramarital aff
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coherence—the sense that life is
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the change agent may be a crucial f
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Centers for Disease Control and Pre
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Jemmott, J.B.; Jemmott, L.S.; Spear
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O’Leary, A.; Celentano, D.; Maiba
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Gay and
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with 34.6 percent of gay men and 28
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found among both hustlers and call
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Substance Use and HIV-Transmitting
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TABLE 1. Prevalence of substance us
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less than 2 percent of participants
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TABLE 2. Quantity of alcohol use am
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A fourth study of gay/bisexual men,
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in mind, however, that most of the
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seropositivity and reported NMPD us
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interaction and education than men
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Geographic differences found in the
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that they are intending or desirous
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enough is known in general about th
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REFERENCES Calzavara, L.M.; Coates,
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Ostrow, D.G.; Beltran, E.; Chmiel,
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
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prostitutes were HIV positive, as c
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Trade hustlers are usually heterose
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TABLE 1. Number of Completed Interv
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diagnosed slightly more often than
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TABLE 2. Injection Drug Use by Type
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By the 100th interview, the screeni
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In general,
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Plant, M. Sex work, alcohol, drugs
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HIV Risk in Drug-Using Adolescents
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AUTHOR Vincent L. Smeriglio, Ph.D.
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comprise 23 percent of all adolesce
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232 (18 percent) of the cases; and
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Although these data provide an over
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Most of these were unprotected sexu
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national epidemiologic survey of hi
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Hawkins et al. 1992; Newcomb et al.
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higher rates of HIV/AIDS in adolesc
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Boyer, C.B. Psychosocial, behaviora
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Irwin, C.E., Jr., and Shafer, M.A.
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Zweig Greenberg, MS.; Singh, T.; Ht
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the types of intervention strategie
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from a study group of 52 youths who
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forearm during a sexual episode. At
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I was nice looking, like I can do a
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It is unclear whether the disinhibi
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continual sexual dysfunction was re
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TWEAKING, FREAKING, AND OVER-AMPING
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highway of love. It’s like, I’d
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Unprotected sexual activity is more
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alternatives and opportunities, and
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Page 183 and 184: 7. also can help youths explore and
Page 185 and 186: Jessor, R., and Jessor, S.L. Proble
Page 187 and 188: AUTHORS Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, P
Page 189 and 190: Brunswick goes on to discuss the le
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Page 193 and 194: conversion and perhaps even serocon
Page 195 and 196: TABLE 1. Ecological paradigm of con
Page 197 and 198: TECHNICAL ISSUES Technical issues i
Page 199 and 200: eliability. It seems obvious that q
Page 201 and 202: sometimes as many as three zip code
Page 203 and 204: Resources and effort are required t
Page 205 and 206: Brunswick, A.F.; Lewis, C.S.; and M
Page 207 and 208: The Context of Risk: Ethnographic C
Page 209 and 210: same meaning may be extended to dru
Page 211 and 212: THE CONTEXT OF RISK Context is an a
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Page 215 and 216: degrading sexual acts, poignantly m
Page 217 and 218: searched me and I had stashed the c
Page 219 and 220: REFERENCES Agar, M. The Professiona
Page 221 and 222: Ouellet, L. J.; Jimenez, A.D.; John
Page 223 and 224: Assessing the Reliability and Valid
Page 225 and 226: TABLE 1. Sociodemographic profile o
Page 227 and 228: Table 2 shows percentage agreement
Page 229 and 230: FORENSIC TECHNIQUES TO DOCUMENT SEL
Page 231: cross-tabulated with dichotomous me
Page 235 and 236: aggravate self-presentation bias. T
Page 237 and 238: TABLE 8. Percent of subjects report
Page 239 and 240: intercourse, and since anal interco
Page 241 and 242: Future Directions for Studies on th
Page 243 and 244: abusers, and other variables are ne
Page 245 and 246: Behavior patterns can be clarified
Page 247 and 248: As Des Jarlais noted, designs and a
Page 249 and 250: strengths within a setting or indiv
Page 251 and 252: National Institute on While limited
Page 253 and 254: 62 NEUROSCIENCE METHODS IN DRUG ABU
Page 255 and 256: 89 BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY TO DRUG
Page 257 and 258: 111 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO DRUG AB
Page 259 and 260: 127 PROGRESS AND ISSUES IN CASE MAN
Page 261: NIH Publication No. 94-3750 Printed
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