The Context of HIV Risk Among Drug Users and Their Sexual Partners

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TABLE 7. Relationship of sexual self-disclosure to self-reported risk-related sexual behaviors (N = 508) Percent who reported Ever used condoms Some condom use, past 30 days 100 percent condom use, past 30 days Oral sex, past 30 days Anal intercourse, ever Anal intercourse, past 6 months NS = nonsignificant Sexual self-disclosure Low Moderate High Very high p 81.7 87.1 86.2 89.0 NS 37.7 36.2 31.5 40.5 NS 16.9 19.2 14.1 24.7 NS 47.0 60.3 61.4 61.2 0.07 58.3 62.1 60.5 65.6 NS 9.6 13.8 13.4 15.1 NS
aggravate self-presentation bias. This evidence, which was culled from a large number of studies, also suggested that task variables (e.g., the structure and length of questions and how the interview was administered) were important factors influencing response, with memory variables and the characteristics of interviewers and respondents being much less important. In a later study, Bradburn and Sudman (1979) attempted to determine whether more anonymous forms of data collection (self-administered questionnaire or telephone survey) might reduce response bias relative to that which occurs when interviews are conducted face-to-face. The questions included highly undesirable behaviors such as drunken driving and bankruptcy. While the more anonymous interview did not consistently increase levels of behavior reported, variations in question structure and length and structure did. Subjects were randomized to closed-ended versus open-ended questions, long versus short questions, and questions with standard versus familiar wording. Familiarly worded questions are questions that employ language that respondents themselves would use. The results indicated that long, open-ended, familiarly worded questions yielded higher levels of reporting than short, closedended questions with standard wording. The pattern was evident even when differences in formats were examined on an item-by-item basis. Very few interactions of formats were noted. Impact of Questionnaire Format In the present study, the authors examined the impact of question length and question order on the extent of underreporting and zero-reporting of high-risk practices. Without a gold standard against which to validate self-reports, the authors made the assumption that higher levels of reported risk behaviors would on average be more accurate since selfreports are downwardly biased when respondents find questions to be threatening or to invite socially desirable responses (Catania et al. 1990). The authors hypothesized that long questions and questions asked late rather than early in the interview would result in higher levels of reporting. The long questions (15 words or more) were preceded by preambles that essentially encouraged respondents to acknowledge socially undesirable (risk) behavior. For example, the question about needle sharing was prefaced with the statement, “Now we have some questions about needles and syringes. There are reasons people share used outfits, such as being dope sick, not having your own works, and not 230
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National Institute on Drug Abuse RE
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
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Partners. The review was held April
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Inciardi, J.A.; Lockwood, D.; and P
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highlights the critical importance
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AUTHOR Richard H. Needle, Ph.D., M.
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Blower and colleagues (1991) have p
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Even in areas with low seroprevalen
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involves using a syringe to draw bl
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Hispanics were less likely to repor
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victimization through theft, violen
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sharing? When are needles deliberat
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Chitwood, D.D.; McCoy, C.B.; Inciar
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Page, J.B.; Smith, P.C.; and Kane,
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HIV/AIDS Risks Among Male, Heterose
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during that time, and the possibili
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All of these issues and considerati
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ecoming the norm for both male and
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the skin on his penis while having
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REFERENCES Ball, J.C., and Chambers
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Johnson, A.M.; Petherick, A.; David
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Vogt, M.W.; Craven, D.E.; Crawford,
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transmission from males to females
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(this volume), there is little atte
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Clayton, R.; Voss, H.; Robbins, C.;
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Female Drug Abusers and the Context
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have the data but interpret it supe
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important to examine current studie
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found in this study was low socioec
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who trade sex for crack; and simila
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esponsibilities in perspective. Suc
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Robles and colleagues (1990) examin
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The lack of rational thought separa
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Factors Associated With Sexual Risk
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Factors Associated With Poverty A n
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encouraging such women to leave the
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Hispanic women but extramarital aff
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coherence—the sense that life is
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the change agent may be a crucial f
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Centers for Disease Control and Pre
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Jemmott, J.B.; Jemmott, L.S.; Spear
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O’Leary, A.; Celentano, D.; Maiba
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Gay and
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with 34.6 percent of gay men and 28
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found among both hustlers and call
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Substance Use and HIV-Transmitting
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TABLE 1. Prevalence of substance us
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less than 2 percent of participants
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TABLE 2. Quantity of alcohol use am
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A fourth study of gay/bisexual men,
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in mind, however, that most of the
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seropositivity and reported NMPD us
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interaction and education than men
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Geographic differences found in the
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that they are intending or desirous
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enough is known in general about th
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REFERENCES Calzavara, L.M.; Coates,
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Ostrow, D.G.; Beltran, E.; Chmiel,
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Drug Use and HIV Risk Among Male Se
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prostitutes were HIV positive, as c
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Trade hustlers are usually heterose
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TABLE 1. Number of Completed Interv
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diagnosed slightly more often than
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TABLE 2. Injection Drug Use by Type
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By the 100th interview, the screeni
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In general,
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Plant, M. Sex work, alcohol, drugs
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HIV Risk in Drug-Using Adolescents
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AUTHOR Vincent L. Smeriglio, Ph.D.
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comprise 23 percent of all adolesce
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232 (18 percent) of the cases; and
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Although these data provide an over
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Most of these were unprotected sexu
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national epidemiologic survey of hi
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Hawkins et al. 1992; Newcomb et al.
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higher rates of HIV/AIDS in adolesc
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Boyer, C.B. Psychosocial, behaviora
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Irwin, C.E., Jr., and Shafer, M.A.
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Zweig Greenberg, MS.; Singh, T.; Ht
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the types of intervention strategie
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from a study group of 52 youths who
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forearm during a sexual episode. At
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I was nice looking, like I can do a
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It is unclear whether the disinhibi
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continual sexual dysfunction was re
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TWEAKING, FREAKING, AND OVER-AMPING
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highway of love. It’s like, I’d
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Unprotected sexual activity is more
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alternatives and opportunities, and
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the night and food for the morning.
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Page 185 and 186: Jessor, R., and Jessor, S.L. Proble
Page 187 and 188: AUTHORS Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, P
Page 189 and 190: Brunswick goes on to discuss the le
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Page 193 and 194: conversion and perhaps even serocon
Page 195 and 196: TABLE 1. Ecological paradigm of con
Page 197 and 198: TECHNICAL ISSUES Technical issues i
Page 199 and 200: eliability. It seems obvious that q
Page 201 and 202: sometimes as many as three zip code
Page 203 and 204: Resources and effort are required t
Page 205 and 206: Brunswick, A.F.; Lewis, C.S.; and M
Page 207 and 208: The Context of Risk: Ethnographic C
Page 209 and 210: same meaning may be extended to dru
Page 211 and 212: THE CONTEXT OF RISK Context is an a
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Page 215 and 216: degrading sexual acts, poignantly m
Page 217 and 218: searched me and I had stashed the c
Page 219 and 220: REFERENCES Agar, M. The Professiona
Page 221 and 222: Ouellet, L. J.; Jimenez, A.D.; John
Page 223 and 224: Assessing the Reliability and Valid
Page 225 and 226: TABLE 1. Sociodemographic profile o
Page 227 and 228: Table 2 shows percentage agreement
Page 229 and 230: FORENSIC TECHNIQUES TO DOCUMENT SEL
Page 231 and 232: cross-tabulated with dichotomous me
Page 233: TABLE 6. Relationship of question t
Page 237 and 238: TABLE 8. Percent of subjects report
Page 239 and 240: intercourse, and since anal interco
Page 241 and 242: Future Directions for Studies on th
Page 243 and 244: abusers, and other variables are ne
Page 245 and 246: Behavior patterns can be clarified
Page 247 and 248: As Des Jarlais noted, designs and a
Page 249 and 250: strengths within a setting or indiv
Page 251 and 252: National Institute on While limited
Page 253 and 254: 62 NEUROSCIENCE METHODS IN DRUG ABU
Page 255 and 256: 89 BIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITY TO DRUG
Page 257 and 258: 111 MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO DRUG AB
Page 259 and 260: 127 PROGRESS AND ISSUES IN CASE MAN
Page 261: NIH Publication No. 94-3750 Printed
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